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Computer Storage Devices - Disk Array - NAS Array - Storage Area Network - SAN - Utility Storage Arrays - AGS-TECH Inc. Amûrên hilanînê, Rêzikên Dîskê û Pergalên hilanînê, SAN, NAS DAVÊN BERXWEDAN an jî wekî STORAGE MEDIUM tê zanîn, her hardware ya hesabker e ku ji bo hilanîn, barkirin û derxistina pel û tiştan tê bikar anîn. Amûrên hilanînê dikarin agahdarî bi demkî û hem jî bi domdarî hilînin û hilînin. Ew dikarin ji komputerek, ji serverek an ji cîhazek hesabkerek wekhev re hundur an derveyî bin. Our focus is on DISK ARRAY which is a hardware element that contains a large group of hard disk drives (HDDs). Disk arrrays may contain several disk drive trays and have architectures improving speed and increasing data protection. A storage controller runs the system, which coordinates activity within the unit. Disk arrays are the backbone of modern storage networking environments. A disk array is a DISK STORAGE SYSTEM which contains multiple disk drives and is differentiated from a disk enclosure, in that an array has cache memory and advanced functionality such as RAID and virtualization. RAID stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive (or Independent) Disks and employs two or more drives to improve performance and fault tolerance. RAID enables the storage of data in multiple places to protect the data against corruption and to serve it to users faster. Click on the blue highlighted text to download catalogs and brochures: Private Label Flash Storage for Embedded Industrial Applications (We can put your name, logo, brand on these.........) To choose a suitable Industrial Grade Storage Device for your project, please go to our industrial computer store by CLICKING HERE. Dowload brochure for our DESIGN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM Components of a typical disk array include: - Disk array controllers - Cache memories - Disk enclosures - Power supplies Generally disk arrays provide increased availability, resiliency and maintainability by using additional, redundant components such as controllers, power supplies, fans, etc., to the degree that all single points of failure are eliminated from the design. These components are most of the time hot-swappable. Typically, disk arrays are divided into categories: NETWORK ATTACHED STORAGE (NAS) ARRAYS : NAS is a dedicated file storage device that provides local-area network (LAN) users with centralized, consolidated disk storage through a standard Ethernet connection. Each NAS device is connected to the LAN as an independent network device and assigned an IP address. Its main advantage is that network storage is not limited to the storage capacity of a computing device or the number of disks in a local server. NAS products can generally hold enough disks to support RAID, and multiple NAS appliances can be attached to the network for storage expansion. STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN) ARRAYS : They contain one or more disk arrays that function as the repository for the data which is moved in and out of the SAN. Storage arrays connect to the fabric layer with cables running from the devices in the fabric layer to the GBICs in the ports on the array. There are mainly two types of storage area network arrays, namely modular SAN arrays and monolithic SAN arrays. Both of them use built-in computer memory to speed up and cache access to slow disk drives. The two types use memory cache differently. Monolithic arrays generally have more cache memory compared to modular arrays. 1.) MODULAR SAN ARRAYS : These have fewer port connections, they store less data and connect to fewer servers compared to monolithic SAN arrays. They make it possible for the user such as small companies to start small with a few disk drives and to increase the number as storage needs grow. They have shelves for holding disk drives. If connected to only a few servers, modular SAN arrays can be very fast and offer companies a flexibility. Modular SAN arrays fit into standard 19” racks. They generally use two controllers with separate cache memory in each and mirror the cache between the controllers to prevent data loss. 2.) MONOLITHIC SAN ARRAYS : These are big collections of disk drives in data centers. They can store much more data compared to modular SAN arrays and generally connect to mainframes. Monolithic SAN arrays have many controllers that can share direct access to fast global memory cache. Monolithic arrays generally have more physical ports to connect to storage area networks. Thus more servers can use the array. Typically monolithic arrays are more valuable and have superior built-in redundancy and reliability. UTILITY STORAGE ARRAYS : In utility storage service model, a provider offers storage capacity to individuals or organizations on a pay-per-use basis. This service model is also referred to as storage on demand. This facilitates efficient use of resources and reduces cost. This can be more cost effective to companies by eliminating the need to purchase, manage and maintain infrastructures that meet peak requirements which may be beyond the needed capacity limits. STORAGE VIRTUALIZATION : This uses virtualization to enable better functionality and more advanced features in computer data storage systems. Storage virtualization is the apparent pooling of data from several same-type or different types of storage devices into what appears to be a single device managed from a central console. It helps storage administrators perform backup, archiving and recovery more easily and faster by overcoming the complexity of a storage area network (SAN). This can be achieved by implementing virtualization with software applications or using hardware and software hybrid appliances. CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Electromagnetic Components Manufacturing and Assembly, Selenoid, Electromagnet, Transformer, Electric Motor, Generator, Meters, Indicators, Scales,Electric Fans Solenoids û pêkhateyên elektromagnetîk & Meclîsên Wekî hilberînerek xwerû û entegratorek endezyariyê, AGS-TECH dikare PÊKÊŞ Û MEBILÊN ELEKTROMAGNETÎ yên jêrîn ji we re peyda bike: • Selenoid, elektromagnet, transformer, motora elektrîkê û meclîsên jeneratorê • Metreyên elektromagnetîk, nîşanker, pîvazên ku bi taybetî li gorî cîhaza weya pîvanê hatine çêkirin. • Sensor elektromagnetic û meclîsên aktuator • Ji bo cîhazên elektronîk û sepanên pîşesazî fenerên elektrîkî û sarkerên bi mezinahiyên cihêreng • Civîna pergalên elektromagnetîk ên din ên tevlihev Li vir bikirtînin da ku broşûra Metrên Panelê me - OICASCHINT dakêşin Broşur Ferrites Soft - Cores - Toroids - EMI Suppression Products - RFID Transponders and Accessories Ji bo BERNAMEYA HEVKARÎYA DESIGN a me broşur dakêşin Heke hûn bi piranî li şûna kapasîteyên hilberînê bi kapasîteyên me yên endezyar û lêkolîn û pêşkeftinê re eleqedar in, wê hingê em we vedixwînin ku biçin malpera meya endezyariyê http://www.ags-engineering.com CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Test Equipment for Cookware Testing, Cookware Tester, Cutlery Corrosion Resistance Tester, Strength Test Apparatus for Knives, Forks, Spatulas, Bending Strength Tester for Cookware Handles Amûrên Testê ji bo Testkirina Cookware Amûrên Testê yên Pispor ên ji bo Testkirina Kevir ji bo ceribandina hilberên xwarinçêkirinê yên wekî potan, pêlên zextê ... hwd têne bikar anîn, ji bo kontrolkirina kalîteya wan, bîhnfirehî, fonksiyonel, pêbawerî, ewlehî, lihevhatina bi standardên navxweyî û navneteweyî ... hwd. . Amûrên testê yên me yên pispor dikarin bibin: - JI BO TESTIRINA PIŞTÎKÊ AHAMÊN TESTÊN TAYBALÎZÊN DIZAJÎN Û ÇÊKIRÎ an - ALAMÊN TESTÎNÊN TAYBETÎ LI DERVEYÊ JI BO TESTÎNA XEBÛRÊ Amûrên ceribandinê yên taybetî yên sêwirandî ji hêla me ve ji bo hewcedariyên taybetî yên xerîdarên me têne sêwirandin û pêşve xistin, li gorî daxwazên taybetî yên xerîdarên me, bazarên wan, berpirsiyariyên wan ên qanûnî ... hwd. Em bi we re dest bi kar dikin da ku tiştê ku hûn hewce ne û dixwazin pêk bînin. Endezyarên me beriya çêkirina makîneyên ceribandina we sêwirandin, prototîp dikin û pejirandina we digirin. Ji hêla din ve, alavên ceribandina meya pispor a derveyî ji bo ceribandina kelûpelên xwarinê berê pergalên sêwirandî û çêkirine ne ku dikarin zû ji me bikirin û bikar bînin. Ger hûn ji me re agahdar bikin ka hûn çi hewce ne, em ê kêfxweş bibin ku rêberiya we bikin û pergalên amade yên ku dikarin bibin alîkar bigihîjin armancên we pêşniyar bikin. Amûrên ceribandina meya pispor a derveyî-rafîkê ya ji bo ceribandina aşpêj dikarin ji lînkên rengîn ên jêrîn werin dakêşandin: Kataloga Makîneyên Testkirina Haida Cookware Ji bo alavên din ên bi vî rengî, ji kerema xwe biçin malpera alavên me: http://www.sourceindustrialsupply.com CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Lighting, Illumination, LED Assembly, Lighting Fixture, Marine Lighting, Warning Lights, Panel Light, Indicator Lamps, Fiber Optic Illumination, AGS-TECH Inc. Hilberîn û Civîna Pergalên Ronahî & Ronahî As an engineering integrator, AGS-TECH can provide you custom designed and manufactured LIGHTING & ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS. We have the software tools such as ZEMAX and CODE V for optical design, optimization & simulation and the firmware to test illumination, light intensity, density, chromatic output...etc of lighting and illumination systems. More specifically we offer: • Lighting and illumination fixtures, assemblies, systems, low power energy saving LED or fluorescent based illumination assemblies according to your optical specifications, needs and requirements. • Special application lighting & illumination systems for harsh environments, such as ships, boats, chemical plants, submarine...etc. with enclosures made of salt resisting materials such as brass and bronze and special connectors. • Lighting and illumination systems based on fiber optic, fiber bunch or waveguiding devices. • Lighting and illumination systems working at visible as well as other spectral regions such as UV or IR. Some of our brochures related to lighting & illumination systems can be downloaded from below links: LED dies and chips LED Lighting Products (OEM, ODM, Private Label) (If you wish, we can put your company name, brand and logo on these products) LED lights Catalog Relight Model LED Lights Brochure Indicator Lamps and Warning Lights Additional indicator lamps with UL and CE and IP65 certification ND16100111-1150582 LED display panels MEAN WELL Standard LED Drivers Plastic case, metal case, many power levels and types available, multi-dimming function, wireless IoT solutions. Dowload brochure for our DESIGN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM We use software programs such as ZEMAX and CODE V for optical system design including lighting and illumination systems. We have the expertise to simulate a series of cascaded optical components and their resulting illumination distribution, beam angles...etc. Whether your application is free space optics like automotive lighting or lighting for buildings; or guided optics such as waveguides, fiber optic ....etc., we have the expertise in optical design to optimize the distribution of illumination density and save you energy, obtain the desired spectral output, diffuse lighting characterisics....etc. We have designed and manufactured products such as a motorcycle headlamps, taillights, visible wavelength prism and lens assemblies for liquid level sensors....etc. Depending on your needs and budget we can design and assemble lighting and illumination systems from off-the-shelf components as well as custom design & manufacture them. With the deepening energy crisis, households and corporations have started implementing energy saving strategies and products to their daily lives. Lighting is one of the major areas where energy consumption can be dramatically reduced. As we know, traditional filament based lightbulbs consume a lot of energy. The fluorescent lights consume significantly less and the LED (Light Emitting Diodes) consume even less, down to about only 15% of the energy classical light bulbs consume for providing the same amount of illumination. This means LEDs consume only a fraction ! LEDs of SMD type can also be assembled very economically, reliably and with improved modern look. We can attach desired quantity of LED chips on your special design lighting & illumination systems and can custom manufacture the glass housing, panels and other components for you. Besides energy conservation, the aesthetics of your lighting system can play an important role. In some applications, special materials are needed to minimize or avoid corrosion and damage to your lighting systems, such as the case on boats and ships being adversely influenced by salty seawater droplets that can corrode your equipment and result in malfunctioning or unaesthetic appearance over time. So whether you are developing a spotlight system, emergency lighting systems, automotive lighting systems, ornamental or architectural lighting systems, lighting and illumination instrument for a biolab or else, contact us for our opinion. We may very likely be able to offer you something that will enhance your project, add to the functionality, aesthetics, reliability and reduce your cost. More on our engineering and research & development capabilities can be found at our engineering site http://www.ags-engineering.com CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Optical Connectors, Adapters, Terminators, Pigtails, Patchcords, Fiber Distribution Box, AGS-TECH Inc. - USA Girêdanên Optîkî & Berhemên Têkilî Em peyda dikin: • Civîna girêdana optîkî, adapter, termînator, pigtails, patchcords, rûkên girêdanê, refik, rafikên ragihandinê, qutiya belavkirina fiberê, girêka FTTH, platforma optîkî. Ji bo têlefonê, veguheztina ronahiya dîtbar ji bo ronahiyê, endoskop, fiberscope û hêj bêtir meclîsa girêdana optîkî û hêmanên pêwendiyê me hene. Di salên dawî de ev hilberên pêwendiya optîkî bûne kelûmel û hûn dikarin van ji me re bi perçeyek bihayên ku hûn belkî niha didin bikirin. Tenê yên ku jêhatî ne ku lêçûnên kirînê kêm bikin dikarin di aboriya cîhanî ya îroyîn de bijîn. CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Industrial Computers - Industrial PC - Rugged Computer - Janz Tec - Korenix - AGS-TECH Inc. - New Mexico - USA PC Pîşesazî, Komputerên Pîşesazî Industrial PCs are used mostly for PROCESS CONTROL and/or DATA ACQUISITION. Sometimes, an INDUSTRIAL PC is simply used as a front-end to another control computer in a distributed processing environment. Custom software can be written for a particular application, or if available an off-the-shelf package can be used to provide a basic level of programming. Among the industrial PC brands we offer is JANZ TEC from Germany. An application may simply require the I/O such as the serial port provided by the motherboard. In some cases, expansion cards are installed in order to provide analog and digital I/O, specific machine interface, expanded communications ports,…etc., as required by the application. Industrial PCs offer features different from consumer PCs in terms of reliability, compatibility, expansion options and long-term supply. Industrial PCs are generally manufactured in lower volumes than home or office PCs. A popular category of industrial PC is the 19-INCH RACKMOUNT FORM FACTOR. Industrial PCs are typically more expensive than comparable office style computers with similar performance. SINGLE-BOARD COMPUTERS and BACKPLANES are used primarily in Industrial PC systems. However, the majority of industrial PCs are manufactured with COTS MOTHERBOARDS. Construction and Features of Industrial PCs: Virtually all Industrial PCs share an underlying design philosophy of providing a controlled environment for the installed electronics to survive the rigors of the plant floor. The electronic components themselves may be selected for their ability to withstand higher and lower operating temperatures than typical commercial components. - Heavier and rugged metal construction as compared to the typical office non-rugged computer - Enclosure form factor that includes provision for mounting into the surrounding environment (such as 19'' rack, wall mount, panel mount, etc.) - Additional cooling with air filtering - Alternative cooling methods such as using forced air, a liquid, and/or conduction - Retention and support of expansion cards - Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) filtering and gasketing - Enhanced environmental protection such as dust proofing, water spray or immersion proofing, etc. - Sealed MIL-SPEC or Circular-MIL connectors - More robust controls and features - Higher grade power supply - Lower consumption 24 V power supply designed for use with DC UPS - Controlled access to the controls through the use of locking doors - Controlled access to the I/O through the use of access covers - Inclusion of a watchdog timer to reset the system automatically in case of a software lock-up DOWNLOAD OUR BROCHURES AND CATALOGS BY CLICKING ON THE BLUE TEXT BELOW: Catalog for Vandal-Proof IP65/IP67/IP68 Keyboards, Keypads, Pointing Devices, ATM Pinpads, Medical & Military Keyboards and other similar Rugged Computer Peripherals ATOP TECHNOLOGIES compact product brochure ATOP Technologies Product List 2021) DFI-ITOX brand Industrial Motherboards brochure DFI-ITOX brand embedded single board computers brochure ICP DAS brand PACs Embedded Controllers & DAQ brochure JANZ TEC brand compact product brochure Kiosk Systems (We private label these with your brand name and logo if you wish) Kiosk Systems Accessories Guide (We private label these with your brand name and logo if you wish) KORENIX brand compact product brochure Mobile Computers for Enterprises (We private label these with your brand name and logo if you wish) To choose a suitable Industrial PC for your project, please go to our industrial computer store by CLICKING HERE. Dowload brochure for our DESIGN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM Some of our popular industrial PC products from Janz Tec AG are: - FLEXIBLE 19'' RACK MOUNT SYSTEMS : The areas of operation and requirements for 19'' systems are very wide within the industry. You can choose between industrial main board technology and slot CPU technology with the use of a passive backplane. - SPACE SAVING WALL MOUNTING SYSTEMS : Our ENDEAVOUR series are flexible industrial PCs incorporating industrial components. As the standard, slot CPU boards with passive backplane technology are used. You can select the product matching your requirements, or you can find out more about individual variations of this product family by contacting us. Our Janz Tec industrial PCs can be combined with conventional industrial control systems or PLC controllers. CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Industrial Workstations - Industrial Computer - Micro Computers - AGS-TECH Inc. - NM - USA Qereqolên Pîşesazî û Komputerên Mîkro A WORKSTATION is a high-end MICROCOMPUTER designed and used for technical or scientific applications. The intention is that they are used by one person at a time, and are commonly connected to a local area network (LAN) and run multi-user operating systems. The term workstation has also been used by many to refer to a mainframe computer terminal or a PC connected to a network. In the past, workstations had offered higher performance than desktop computers, especially with respect to CPU and graphics, memory capacity and multitasking capability. Workstations are optimized for the visualization and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulation (such as computational fluid dynamics), animation and rendering of images, mathematical plots…etc. Consoles consist at least of a high resolution display, a keyboard and a mouse, but may also offer multiple displays, graphics tablets, 3D mice (devices for manipulation and navigation of 3D objects and scenes), etc. Workstations are the first segment of the computer market to present advanced accessories and collaboration tools. Catalog for Vandal-Proof IP65/IP67/IP68 Keyboards, Keypads, Pointing Devices, ATM Pinpads, Medical & Military Keyboards and other similar Rugged Computer Peripherals To choose a suitable Industrial Workstation for your project, please go to our industrial computer store by CLICKING HERE. We offer both off-the-shelf as well as CUSTOM DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED INDUSTRIAL WORKSTATIONS for industrial use. For mission critical applications we design and manufacture your industrial workstations according to your specific needs. We discuss your needs and requirements and provide you feedback and design proposals prior to building your computer system. We select one of a variety of rugged enclosures and determine the right computing horsepower that meets your needs. Industrial workstations can be supplied with active and passive PCI Bus backplanes that can be configured to support your ISA cards. Our spectrum covers from small 2 – 4 slot benchtop systems up to 2U, 4U or higher rackmount systems. We offer NEMA / IP RATED FULLY ENCLOSEDworkstations. Our industrial workstations outperform similar competitors systems in terms of the quality standards they meet, reliability, durability, long term use and are used in a variety of industries including the military, navy, marine, petroleum & gas, industrial processing, medical, pharmaceutical, transportation and logistics, semiconductor manufacturing. They are designed to be used in a wide variety of environmental conditions and industrial applications that require additional protection from dirt, dust, rain, sprayed water and other circumstances where corrosive materials such as salt water or caustic substances can be present. Our heavy-duty, ruggedly-built LCD computers and workstations are an ideal and dependable solution for use in poultry, fish or beef processing facilities where total wash-down with disinfectants occurs repeatedly, or in petrochemical refineries and offshore drilling platforms for oil & natural gas. Our NEMA 4X (IP66) models are gasket sealed and constructed from 316 stainless steel. Each system is engineered and assembled according to a completely sealed design using top quality 316 stainless steel for the outer enclosure and high-tech components inside each rugged PC. They come equipped with industrial grade bright TFT displays and resistive analog industrial touch-screens. Here we list some of the features of our popular industrial workstations: - Water and dust proof, corrosion resistant. Integrated with water proof keyboards - Rugged enclosed workstation, rugged motherboards - NEMA 4 (IP65) or NEMA 4X (IP66) environmental protection - Flexibility and options in mounting. Mounting types such as pedestal, bulkhead…etc. - Direct or KVM cabling to host - Powered by Intel Dual-Core or Atom processors - SATA fast access disk drive or solid state media - Windows or Linux operating systems - Expandability - Extended operational temperatures - Depending on customer preferences, input connectors can be located on the bottom, side or rear. - Models available in 15.0”, 17” & 19.0” - Superior sunlight readability - Integrated purge system for C1D1 applications as well as non-purged C1D2 designs - UL, CE, FC, RoHS, MET compliances Dowload brochure for our DESIGN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Computer Chassis - Racks - Shelves - 19 inch Rack - 23 inch Rack - Computer and Instrument Case Manufacturing - AGS-TECH Inc. - New Mexico - USA Şass, Racks, Çiyayên ji bo Komputerên Pîşesazî We offer you the most durable and reliable INDUSTRIAL COMPUTER CHASSIS, RACKS, MOUNTS, RACK MOUNT INSTRUMENTS and RACK MOUNTED SYSTEMS, SUBRACK, SHELF, 19 INCH & 23 INCH RACKS, FULL SİZE and HALF RACKS, OPEN and CLOSED RACK, MOUNTING HARDWARE, STRUCTURAL AND SUPPORT COMPONENTS, RAILS and SLIDES, TWO andFOUR POST RACKS that meet international and industry standards. Besides our off-the-shelf products, we are capable to build you any specially tailored chassis, racks and mounts. Some of the brand names we have in stock are BELKIN, HEWLETT PACKARD, KENDALL HOWARD, GREAT LAKES, APC, RITTAL, LIEBERT, RALOY, SHARK RACK, UPSITE TECHNOLOGIES. Here are brochures and catalogs of some industrial computer chassis, racks. Simply click on the respective blue text to download them: - Catalog for Vandal-Proof IP65/IP67/IP68 Keyboards, Keypads, Pointing Devices, ATM Pinpads, Medical & Military Keyboards and other similar Rugged Computer Peripherals - DFI-ITOX brand Industrial Chassis - 01 Series Instrument Case System-I from AGS-Electronics - 05 Series Instrument Case System-V from AGS-Electronics - 06 Series Plug-in Chassis from AGS-Electronics To choose a suitable Industrial Grade Chassis, Rack or Mount please go to our industrial computer store by CLICKING HERE. Dowload brochure for our DESIGN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM Here is some key terminology that should be useful for reference purposes: A RACK UNIT or U (less commonly referred to as RU) is a unit of measure used to describe the height of equipment intended for mounting into a 19-inch rack or a 23-inch rack (The 19-inch or 23-inch dimension refers to the width of the equipment mounting frame in the rack i.e. the width of the equipment that can be mounted inside the rack). One rack unit is 1.75 inches (44.45 mm) high. The size of a piece of rack-mounted equipment is frequently described as a number in ''U''. For example, one rack unit is often referred to as ''1U'', 2 rack units as ''2U'' and so on. A typical full size rack is 44U, which means it holds just over 6 feet of equipment. In computing and information technology, however, half-rack typically describes a unit that is 1U high and half the depth of a 4-post rack (such as a network switch, router, KVM switch, or server), such that two units can be mounted in 1U of space (one mounted at the front of the rack and one at the rear). When used to describe the rack enclosure itself, the term half-rack typically means a rack enclosure that is 24U tall. A front panel or filler panel in a rack is not an exact multiple of 1.75 inches (44.45 mm). To allow space between adjacent rack-mounted components, a panel is 1⁄32 inch (0.031 inch or 0.79 mm) less in height than the full number of rack units would imply. Thus, a 1U front panel would be 1.719 inches (43.66 mm) high. A 19-inch rack is a standardized frame or enclosure for mounting multiple equipment modules. Each module has a front panel that is 19 inches (482.6 mm) wide, including edges or ears that protrude on each side which allow the module to be fastened to the rack frame with screws. Equipment designed to be placed in a rack is typically described as rack-mount, rack-mount instrument, a rack mounted system, a rack mount chassis, subrack, rack mountable, or occasionally simply shelf. A 23-inch rack is used for housing telephone (primarily), computer, audio and other equipment though is less common than the 19-inch rack. The size notes the width of the faceplate for the installed equipment. The rack unit is a measure of vertical spacing and is common to both the 19 and 23-inch (580 mm) racks. Hole spacing is either on 1-inch (25 mm) centres (Western Electric standard), or the same as for 19-inch (480 mm) racks (0.625 inches / 15.9 millimetres spacing). CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuators - Accumulators - AGS-TECH Inc. - NM Actuators Accumulators AGS-TECH is a leading manufacturer and supplier of PNEUMATIC and HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS for assembly, packaging, robotics, and industrial automation. Our actuators are known for performance, flexibility, and extremely long life, and welcome the challenge of many different types of operating environments. We also supply HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATORS which are devices in which potential energy is stored in the form of a compressed gas or spring, or by a raised weight to be used to exert a force against a relatively incompressible fluid. Our fast delivery of pneumatic and hydraulic actuators and accumulators will reduce your inventory costs and keep your production schedule on track. ACTUATORS: An actuator is a type of motor responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. Actuators are operated by a source of energy. Hydraulic actuators are operated by hydraulic fluid pressure, and pneumatic actuators are operated by pneumatic pressure, and convert that energy into motion. Actuators are mechanisms by which a control system acts upon an environment. The control system may be a fixed mechanical or electronic system, a software-based system, a person, or any other input. Hydraulic actuators consist of cylinder or fluid motor that uses hydraulic power to facilitate mechanical operation. The mechanical motion may give an output in terms of linear, rotary or oscillatory motion. Since liquids are nearly impossible to compress, hydraulic actuators can exert considerable forces. Hydraulic actuators may have however limited acceleration. The actuator’s hydraulic cylinder consists of a hollow cylindrical tube along which a piston can slide. In single acting hydraulic actuators the fluid pressure is applied to just one side of the piston. The piston can move in only one direction, and a spring is generally used to give the piston a return stroke. Double acting actuators are used when pressure is applied on each side of the piston; any difference in pressure between the two sides of the piston moves the piston to one side or the other. Pneumatic actuators convert energy formed by vacuum or compressed air at high pressure into either linear or rotary motion. Pneumatic actuators enable large forces to be produced from relatively small pressure changes. These forces are often used with valves to move diaphragms to affect the flow of liquid through the valve. Pneumatic energy is desirable because it can respond quickly in starting and stopping as the power source does not need to be stored in reserve for operation. Industrial applications of actuators include automation, logic and sequence control, holding fixtures, and high-power motion control. Automotive applications of actuators on the other hand include power steering, power brakes, hydraulic brakes, and ventilation controls. Aerospace applications of actuators include flight-control systems, steering-control systems, air conditioning, and brake-control systems. COMPARING PNEUMATIC and HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS: Pneumatic linear actuators consist of a piston inside a hollow cylinder. Pressure from an external compressor or manual pump moves the piston inside the cylinder. As pressure is increased, the actuator’s cylinder moves along the axis of the piston, creating a linear force. The piston returns to its original position by either a spring-back force or fluid being supplied to the other side of the piston. Hydraulic linear actuators function similar to pneumatic actuators, but an incompressible liquid from a pump rather than pressurized air moves the cylinder. The benefits of pneumatic actuators come from their simplicity. The majority of pneumatic aluminum actuators have a maximum pressure rating of 150 psi with bore sizes ranging from 1/2 to 8 in., which can be converted into approximately 30 to 7,500 lb. of force. Steel pneumatic actuators on the other hand have a maximum pressure rating of 250 psi with bore sizes ranging from 1/2 to 14 in., and generate forces ranging from 50 to 38,465 lb. Pneumatic actuators generate precise linear motion by providing accuracies such as 0.1 inches and repeatabilities within .001 inches. Typical applications of pneumatic actuators are areas of extreme temperatures such as -40 F to 250 F. Using air, pneumatic actuators avoid using hazardous materials. Pneumatic actuators meet explosion protection and machine safety requirements because they create no magnetic interference due to their lack of motors. The cost of pneumatic actuators is low compared to hydraulic actuators. Pneumatic actuators are also lightweight, require minimal maintenance, and have durable components. On the other hand there are disadvantages of pneumatic actuators: Pressure losses and air’s compressibility make pneumatics less efficient than other linear-motion methods. Operations at lower pressures will have lower forces and slower speeds. A compressor must run continuously and apply pressure even if nothing is moving. To be efficient, pneumatic actuators must be sized for a specific job and cannot be used for other applications. Accurate control and efficiency requires proportional regulators and valves, which is costly and complex. Even though the air is easily available, it can be contaminated by oil or lubrication, leading to downtime and maintenance. Compressed air is a consumable that needs to be purchased. Hydraulic actuators on the other hand are rugged and suited for high-force applications. They can produce forces 25 times greater than pneumatic actuators of equal size and operate with pressures of up to 4,000 psi. Hydraulic motors have high horsepower-to-weight ratios by 1 to 2 hp/lb greater than a pneumatic motor. Hydraulic actuators can hold force and torque constant without the pump supplying more fluid or pressure, because fluids are incompressible. Hydraulic actuators can have their pumps and motors located a considerable distance away with still minimal power losses. However hydraulics will leak fluid and result in less efficiency. Hydraulic fluid leaks lead to cleanliness problems and potential damage to surrounding components and areas. Hydraulic actuators require many companion parts, such as fluid reservoirs, motors, pumps, release valves, and heat exchangers, noise-reduction equipment. As a result hydraulic linear motion systems are large and difficult to accommodate. ACCUMULATORS: These are used in fluid power systems to accumulate energy and to smooth out pulsations. Hydraulic system that utilize accumulators can use smaller fluid pumps because accumulators store energy from the pump during low demand periods. This energy is available for instantaneous use, released upon demand at a rate many times greater than could be supplied by the pump alone. Accumulators can also act as surge or pulsation absorbers by cushioning hydraulic hammers, reducing shocks caused by rapid operation or sudden starting and stopping of power cylinders in a hydraulic circuit. There are four major types of accumulators: 1.) The weight loaded piston type accumulators, 2.) Diaphragm type accumulators, 3.) Spring type accumulators and the 4.) Hydropneumatic piston type accumulators. The weight loaded type is much larger and heavier for its capacity than modern piston and bladder types. Both the weight loaded type, and mechanical spring type are very seldom used today. The hydro-pneumatic type accumulators use a gas as a spring cushion in conjunction with a hydraulic fluid, the gas and fluid being separated by a thin diaphragm or a piston. Accumulators have the following functions: -Energy Storage -Absorbing Pulsations -Cushioning Operating Shocks -Supplementing Pump Delivery -Maintaining Pressure -Acting as Dispensers Hydro-pneumatic accumulators incorporate a gas in conjunction with a hydraulic fluid. The fluid has little dynamic power storage capability. However, the relative incompressibility of a hydraulic fluid makes it ideal for fluid power systems and provides quick response to power demand. The gas, on the other hand, a partner to the hydraulic fluid in the accumulator, can be compressed to high pressures and low volumes. Potential energy is stored in the compressed gas to be released when needed. In the piston type accumulators the energy in the compressed gas exerts pressure against the piston separating the gas and the hydraulic fluid. The piston in turn forces the fluid from the cylinder into the system and to the location where useful work needs to be accomplished. In most fluid power applications, pumps are used to generate the required power to be used or stored in a hydraulic system, and pumps deliver this power in a pulsating flow. The piston pump, as commonly used for higher pressures produces pulsations detrimental to a high pressure system. An accumulator properly located in the system will substantially cushion these pressure variations. In many fluid power applications the driven member of the hydraulic system stops suddenly, creating a pressure wave which is sent back through the system. This shock wave can develop peak pressures several times greater than normal working pressures and can be the source of system failure or disturbing noise. The gas cushioning effect in an accumulator will minimize these shock waves. An example of this application is the absorption of shock caused by suddenly stopping the loading bucket on a hydraulic front end loader. An accumulator, capable of storing power, can supplement the fluid pump in delivering power to the system. The pump stores potential energy in the accumulator during idle periods of the work cycle, and the accumulator transfers this reserve power back to the system when the cycle requires emergency or peak power. This enables a system to utilize smaller pumps, resulting in cost and power savings. Pressure changes are observed in hydraulic systems when the liquid is subjected to rising or falling temperatures. Also, there may be pressure drops due to leakage of hydraulic fluids. Accumulators compensate for such pressure changes by delivering or receiving a small amount of hydraulic liquid. In the event the main power source should fail or be stopped, accumulators would act as auxiliary power sources, maintaining pressure in the system. Lastly, accumulators mcan be used to dispense fluids under pressure, such as lubricating oils. Please click on highlighted text below to download our product brochures for actuators and accumulators: - Pneumatic Cylinders - YC Series Hydraulic Cyclinder - Accumulators from AGS-TECH Inc CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Embedded Systems, Embedded Computer, Industrial Computers, Janz Tec, Korenix, Industrial Workstations, Servers, Computer Rack, Single Board Computer Pergalên Embedded & Komputerên Pîşesaziyê & Panel PC Read More Pergal û Komputerên Bicîbûyî Read More Panel PC, Dîmenên Multitouch, Ekranên Touch Read More PC Pîşesazî Read More Kargehên Pîşesazî Read More Amûrên Torê, Amûrên Torê, Pergalên Navber, Yekîneya Têkilî Read More Amûrên hilanînê, Rêzikên Dîskê û Pergalên hilanînê, SAN, NAS Read More Pêşkêşkerên Pîşesazî Read More Şass, Racks, Çiyayên ji bo Komputerên Pîşesazî Read More Ji bo Komputerên Pîşesaziyê Amûr, Modul, Desteyên Hilgir Read More Otomasyon & Pergalên Aqilmend Ji ber ku dabînkerek hilberên pîşesaziyê em hin ji wan komputer û serverên pîşesaziyê yên herî guncan pêşkêşî we dikin û cîhazên torê û hilanînê, komputer û pergalên bicîbûyî, komputerên panelê yên yekane, PC-ya panelê, PC-ya pîşesaziyê, komputera hişk, komputerên ekrana desta, rawestgeha xebata pîşesaziyê, komputera pîşesaziyê pêkhate û aksesûar, cîhazên I/O yên dîjîtal û analog, router, pira, alavên veguheztinê, hub, dubareker, proxy, dîwarê agir, modem, kontrolkera navbeynkariya torê, protokol veguherker, arîşeyên hilanîna pêvekirî (NAS), şebekeyên tora qada hilanînê (SAN), modulên relay pirkanal, kontrolkerê Full-CAN ji bo soketên MODULbus, panela hilgirê MODULbus, modula şîfrekera zêde, têgîna girêdana PLC ya aqilmend, kontrolkerê motorê ji bo motorên servo DC, Modula pêwendiya serial, panela prototîpa VMEbus, pêwendiya xulamê aqilmend profibus DP, nermalava, elektronîkên têkildar, şas-racks-mounts. Em çêtirîn hilberên komputera pîşesaziyê yên Cîhanê ji kargehê tînin ber deriyê we. Feydeya me ev e ku em dikarin navên markayên cihêreng ên wekî Janz Tec û Korenixfor bihayên navnîşê an kêmtir ji firotgehên me pêşkêşî we bikin. Di heman demê de ya ku me taybet dike ev e ku em guheztinên hilberan / mîhengên xwerû / entegrasyonê bi pergalên din ên ku hûn nekarin ji çavkaniyên din peyda bikin re pêşkêşî we bikin. Em ji bo navnîşa bihayê navnîşê an kêmtir amûrek bi navê marqeyê pêşkêşî we dikin. Ger hêjmara fermana we girîng be li ser bihayên hatine şandin daxistinên girîng hene. Piraniya alavên me di stokê de ne. Ger ne di stokê de be, ji ber ku em firoşkar û belavkerek bijare ne, em hîn jî dikarin wê di demek kurttir de ji we re peyda bikin. Ji bilî tiştên stok em dikarin hilberên taybetî yên ku li gorî hewcedariyên we hatine sêwirandin û çêkirin pêşkêşî we bikin. Tenê ji me re agahdar bikin ku hûn di pergala komputera xweya pîşesaziyê de çi cûdahiyan hewce dikin û em ê li gorî hewcedarî û daxwazên we çêbikin. Em kapasîteya PÊKIRINA CUSTOM û INTEGRasyona ENDEZZERÎ pêşkêşî we dikin. Di heman demê de em PERGALÊN OTOMATIYÊN CUSTOM, PERGALÊN ŞAPIRTIRIN û KONTROLÊN PÊVAJOYÊ bi yekkirina komputeran, qonaxên werger, qonaxên zivirî, hêmanên motorîzekirî, çek, kartên wergirtina daneyan, kartên kontrolkirina pêvajoyê, senzor, aktûator û hêmanên din ên hardware û nermalavê yên hewce ava dikin. Bêyî ku cîhê we li ser rûyê erdê be, em di nav çend rojan de berbi deriyê we ve dişînin. Me bi UPS, FEDEX, TNT, DHL û hewa standard re peymanên barkirinê daxistin. Hûn dikarin bi serhêl bi karanîna vebijarkên wekî qertên krediyê bi karanîna hesabê meya PayPal, veguheztina têl, kontrolek pejirandî an fermana dravê ferman bidin. Heke hûn dixwazin berî ku hûn biryarekê bidin bi me re biaxivin an pirsên we hebin, ya ku hûn hewce ne ev e ku bi me re telefon bikin û yek ji endezyarên meya demsalî ya komputer û otomasyonê dê ji we re bibe alîkar. Ji bo ku em nêzikî we bin, me nivîsgeh û depoyên me li cîhên cihêreng ên cîhanî hene. Li ser jêrmenuyên têkildar ên li jor bikirtînin ku hûn di kategoriya komputera pîşesaziyê de li ser hilberên me bêtir bixwînin. Ji bo BERNAMEYA HEVKARÎYA DESIGN a me broşurê dakêşin Ji bo agahdariya berfirehtir, em we jî vedixwînin ku hûn biçin firotgeha meya komputera pîşesaziyê http://www.agsindustrialcomputers.com CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Electrochemical Machining and Grinding - ECM - Reverse Electroplating - Custom Machining - AGS-TECH Inc. - NM - USA ECM Machining, Machining Electrochemical, Grinding Some of the valuable NON-CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING processes AGS-TECH Inc offers are ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM), SHAPED-TUBE ELECTROLYTIC MACHINING (STEM), PULSED ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING (PECM), ELECTROCHEMICAL GRINDING (ECG), HYBRID MACHINING PROCESSES. ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM) is a non-conventional manufacturing technique where metal is removed by an electrochemical process. ECM is typically a mass production technique, used for machining extremely hard materials and materials that are difficult to machine using the conventional manufacturing methods. Electrochemical-machining systems we use for production are numerically controlled machining centers with high production rates, flexibility, perfect control of dimensional tolerances. Electrochemical machining is capable of cutting small and odd-shaped angles, intricate contours or cavities in hard and exotic metals like titanium aluminides, Inconel, Waspaloy, and high nickel, cobalt, and rhenium alloys. Both external and internal geometries can be machined. Modifications of the electrochemical machining process are used for operations like turning, facing, slotting, trepanning, profiling where the electrode becomes the cutting tool. The metal removal rate is only a function of ion exchange rate and is not affected by the strength, hardness or toughness of the workpiece. Unfortunately the method of electrochemical machining (ECM) is limited to electrically conductive materials. Another important point to consider deploying the ECM technique is to compare the mechanical properties of the produced parts with those produced by other machining methods. ECM removes material instead of adding it and therefore is sometimes referred to as ''reverse electroplating''. It resembles in some ways to electrical discharge machining (EDM) in that a high current is passed between an electrode and the part, through an electrolytic material removal process having a negatively charged electrode (cathode), a conductive fluid (electrolyte), and a conductive workpiece (anode). The electrolyte acts as the current carrier and is a highly conductive inorganic salt solution like sodium chloride mixed and dissolved in water or sodium nitrate. The advantage of ECM is that there is no tool wear. The ECM cutting tool is guided along the desired path close to the work but without touching the piece. Unlike EDM, however, no sparks are created. High metal removal rates and mirror surface finishes are possible with ECM, with no thermal or mechanical stresses being transferred to the part. ECM does not cause any thermal damage to the part and since there are no tool forces there is no distortion to the part and no tool wear, as would be the case with typical machining operations. In electrochemical machining cavity produced is the female mating image of the tool. In the ECM process, a cathode tool is moved into an anode workpiece. The shaped tool is generally made of copper, brass, bronze or stainless steel. The pressurized electrolyte is pumped at a high rate at a set temperature through the passages in the tool to the area being cut. The feed rate is the same as the rate of ''liquification'' of the material, and the electrolyte movement in the tool-workpiece gap washes metal ions away from the workpiece anode before they have a chance to plate onto the cathode tool. The gap between the tool and the workpiece varies between 80-800 micrometers and the DC power supply in the range 5 – 25 V maintains current densities between 1.5 – 8 A/mm2 of active machined surface. As electrons cross the gap, material from the workpiece is dissolved, as the tool forms the desired shape in the workpiece. The electrolytic fluid carries away the metal hydroxide formed during this process. Commercial electrochemical machines with current capacities between 5A and 40,000A are available. The material removal rate in electrochemical machining can be expressed as: MRR = C x I x n Here MRR=mm3/min, I=current in amperes, n=current efficiency, C=a material constant in mm3/A-min. The constant C depends on valence for pure materials. The higher the valence, the lower is its value. For most metals it is in between 1 and 2. If Ao denotes the uniform cross-sectional area being electrochemically machined in mm2, the feed rate f in mm/min can be expressed as: F = MRR / Ao Feed rate f is the speed the electrode is penetrating the workpiece. In the past there were problems of poor dimensional accuracy and environmentally polluting waste from electrochemical machining operations. These have largely been overcome. Some of the applications of electrochemical machining of high-strength materials are: - Die-Sinking operations. Die-sinking is machining forging – die cavities. - Drilling a jet engine turbine blades, jet-engine parts and nozzles. - Multiple small holes drilling. The electrochemical machining process leaves a burr-free surface. - Steam turbine blades can be machined within close limits. - For deburring of surfaces. In deburring, ECM removes metal projections left from the machining processes and so dulls sharp edges. Electrochemical machining process is fast and often more convenient than the conventional methods of deburring by hand or non-traditional machining processes. SHAPED-TUBE ELECTROLYTIC MACHINING (STEM) is a version of electrochemical machining process we use for drilling small diameter deep holes. A titanium tube is used as the tool which is coated with an electrically insulating resin to prevent the removal of material from other regions like the lateral faces of the hole and tube. We can drill hole sizes of 0.5 mm with depth-to-diameter ratios of 300:1 PULSED ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING (PECM): We use very high pulsed current densities in the order of 100 A/cm2. By using pulsed currents we eliminate the need for high electrolyte flow rates which poses limitations for the ECM method in mold and die fabrication. Pulsed electrochemical machining improves fatigue life and eliminates the recast layer left by the electrical discharge machining (EDM) technique on mold and die surfaces. In ELECTROCHEMICAL GRINDING (ECG) we combine the conventional grinding operation with electrochemical machining. The grinding wheel is a rotating cathode with abrasive particles of diamond or aluminum oxide that are metal bonded. The current densities range between 1 and 3 A/mm2. Similar to ECM, an electrolyte such as sodium nitrate flows and the metal removal in electrochemical grinding is dominated by the electrolytic action. Less than 5% of metal removal is by abrasive action of the wheel. The ECG technique is well suited for carbides and high-strength alloys, but not so much of a fit for die-sinking or mould making because the grinder may not easily access deep cavities. The material removal rate in electrochemical grinding can be expressed as: MRR = G I / d F Here MRR is in mm3/min, G is mass in grams, I is current in amperes, d is density in g/mm3 and F is Faraday’s constant (96,485 Coulombs/mole). The speed of penetration of the grinding wheel into workpiece can be expressed as: Vs = (G / d F) x (E / g Kp) x K Here Vs is in mm3/min, E is cell voltage in volts, g is wheel to workpiece gap in mm, Kp is coefficient of loss and K is electrolyte conductivity. The advantage of the electrochemical grinding method over conventional grinding is less wheel wear because less than 5% of the metal removal is by abrasive action of the wheel. There are similarities between EDM and ECM: 1. The tool and workpiece are separated by a very small gap without a contact in between them. 2. Both tool and material must be conductors of electricity. 3. Both techniques need high capital investment. Modern CNC machines are used 4. Both methods consume lots of electric power. 5. A conductive fluid is used as a medium between the tool and the work piece for ECM and a dielectric fluid for EDM. 6. The tool is fed continuously towards the workpiece to maintain a constant gap between them (EDM may incorporate intermittent or cyclic, typically partial, tool withdrawal). HYBRID MACHINING PROCESSES: We frequently take advantage of the benefits of hybrid machining processes where two or more different processes such as ECM, EDM….etc. are used in combination. This gives us the opportunity to overcome the shortcomings of one process by the other, and benefit from the advantages of each process. CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Micromanufacturing - Surface & Bulk Micromachining - Microscale Manufacturing - MEMS - Accelerometers - AGS-TECH Inc. Çêkirina Mîkropîvan / Mîkroçêkerî / Mîkromakîne / MEMS MICROMANUFACTURING, MICROSCALE MANUFACTURING, MICROFABRICATION or MICROMACHINING refers to our processes suitable for making tiny devices and products in the micron or microns of dimensions. Sometimes the overall dimensions of a micromanufactured product may be larger, but we still use this term to refer to the principles and processes that are involved. We use the micromanufacturing approach to make the following types of devices: Microelectronic Devices: Typical examples are semiconductor chips that function based on electrical & electronic principles. Micromechanical Devices: These are products that are purely mechanical in nature such as very small gears and hinges. Microelectromechanical Devices: We use micromanufacturing techniques to combine mechanical, electrical and electronic elements at very small length scales. Most of our sensors are in this category. Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS): These microelectromechanical devices also incorporate an integrated electrical system in one product. Our popular commercial products in this category are MEMS accelerometers, air-bag sensors and digital micromirror devices. Depending on the product to be fabricated, we deploy one of the following major micromanufacturing methods: BULK MICROMACHINING: This is a relatively older method which uses orientation-dependent etches on single-crystal silicon. The bulk micromachining approach is based on etching down into a surface, and stopping on certain crystal faces, doped regions, and etchable films to form the required structure. Typical products we are capable of micromanufacturing using bulk micromachining technique are: - Tiny cantilevers - V-groves in silicon for alignment and fixation of optical fibers. SURFACE MICROMACHINING: Unfortunately bulk micromachining is restricted to single-crystal materials, since polycrystalline materials will not machine at different rates in different directions using wet etchants. Therefore surface micromachining stands out as an alternative to bulk micromachining. A spacer or sacrificial layer such as phosphosilicate glass is deposited using CVD process onto a silicon substrate. Generally speaking, structural thin film layers of polysilicon, metal, metal alloys, dielectrics are deposited onto the spacer layer. Using dry etching techniques, the structural thin film layers are patterned and wet etching is used to remove the sacrificial layer, thereby resulting in free-standing structures such as cantilevers. Also possible is using combinations of bulk and surface micromachining techniques for turning some designs into products. Typical products suitable for micromanufacturing using a combination of the above two techniques: - Submilimetric size microlamps (in the order of 0.1 mm size) - Pressure sensors - Micropumps - Micromotors - Actuators - Micro-fluid-flow devices Sometimes, in order to obtain high vertical structures, micromanufacturing is performed on large flat structures horizontally and then the structures are rotated or folded into an upright position using techniques such as centrifuging or microassembly with probes. Yet very tall structures can be obtained in single crystal silicon using silicon fusion bonding and deep reactive ion etching. Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) micromanufacturing process is carried out on two separate wafers, then aligned and fusion bonded to produce very tall structures that would otherwise be impossible. LIGA MICROMANUFACTURING PROCESSES: The LIGA process combines X-ray lithography, electrodeposition, molding and generally involves the following steps: 1. A few hundreds of microns thick polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) resist layer is deposited onto the primary substrate. 2. The PMMA is developed using collimated X-rays. 3. Metal is electrodeposited onto the primary substrate. 4. PMMA is stripped and a freestanding metal structure remains. 5. We use the remaining metal structure as a mould and perform injection molding of plastics. If you analyze the basic five steps above, using the LIGA micromanufacturing / micromachining techniques we can obtain: - Freestanding metal structures - Injection molded plastic structures - Using injection molded structure as a blank we can investment cast metal parts or slip-cast ceramic parts. The LIGA micromanufacturing / micromachining processes are time consuming and expensive. However LIGA micromachining produces these submicron precision molds which can be used to replicate the desired structures with distinct advantages. LIGA micromanufacturing can be used for example to fabricate very strong miniature magnets from rare-earth powders. The rare-earth powders are mixed with an epoxy binder and pressed to the PMMA mold, cured under high pressure, magnetized under strong magnetic fields and finally the PMMA is dissolved leaving behind the tiny strong rare-earth magnets which are one of the wonders of micromanufacturing / micromachining. We are also capable to develop multilevel MEMS micromanufacturing / micromachining techniques through wafer-scale diffusion bonding. Basically we can have overhanging geometries within MEMS devices, using a batch diffusion bonding and release procedure. For example we prepare two PMMA patterned and electroformed layers with the PMMA subsequently released. Next, the wafers are aligned face to face with guide pins and press fit together in a hot press. The sacrificial layer on one of the substrates is etched away which results in one of the layers bonded to the other. Other non-LIGA based micromanufacturing techniques are also available to us for the fabrication of various complex multilayer structures. SOLID FREEFORM MICROFABRICATION PROCESSES: Additive micromanufacturing is used for rapid prototyping. Complex 3D structures can be obtained by this micromachining method and no material removal takes place. Microstereolithography process uses liquid thermosetting polymers, photoinitiator and a highly focused laser source to a diameter as small as 1 micron and layer thicknesses of about 10 microns. This micromanufacturing technique is however limited to production of nonconducting polymer structures. Another micromanufacturing method, namely “instant masking” or also known as “electrochemical fabrication” or EFAB involves the production of an elastomeric mask using photolithography. The mask is then pressed against the substrate in an electrodeposition bath so that the elastomer conforms to substrate and excludes plating solution in contact areas. Areas that are not masked are electrodeposited as the mirror image of the mask. Using a sacrificial filler, complex 3D shapes are microfabricated. This “instant masking” micromanufacturing / micromachining method makes it also possible to produce overhangs, arches…etc. CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ