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Test Equipment for Furniture Testing, Sofa Durability Tester, Chair Base Static Tester, Chair Drop Impact Tester, Mattress Firmness Tester Amûrên Testê ji bo Ceribandina Furniture Specialized Test Equipment for Testing of Furniture are used for testing furniture products such as chairs, table, sofas, mattress....etc., for checking their quality, endurance, functionality, reliability, safety, compliance to domestic and international standards....etc. Our specialized test equipment can be either: - CUSTOM DESIGNED and MANUFACTURED SPECIALIZED TEST EQUIPMENT for FURNITURE TESTING or - OFF-SHELF SPECIALIZED TEST EQUIPMENT for FURNITURE TESTING Custom designed specialized testing equipment is designed and developed by us for our customers specific needs, taking into consideration our customers specific requirements, their markets, their legal responsibilities...etc. We work with you hand in hand to accomplish what you need and want. Our engineers design, prototype and get your approval prior to manufacturing your test machines. On the other hand, our off-shelf specialized test equipment for testing of furniture are already designed and manufactured systems that can be purchased quickly from us and used. If you let us know what you need, we will be happy to guide you and propose you ready systems that can help achieve your goals. Our off-shelf specialized test equipment for testing of furniture can be downloaded from the colored links below: HAIDA Bifma Furnitures Testing Machine HAIDA Chair Arm and Leg Tester HAIDA Chair Base Static Tester HAIDA Chair Caster Durability Tester HAIDA Chair Drop Impact Tester HAIDA Chair and Foam Testing Machine HAIDA Chair Seating and Back Durability HAIDA Chair Strength Tester HAIDA Chair Swivel Tester Catalog Download HAIDA Chair Universal Test Machine HAIDA Color Assessment Cabinet HAIDA Foam Pounding Fatigue Tester HAIDA Furniture Universal Test Machine HAIDA Mattress Cornell Tester HAIDA Mattress Firmness Tester HAIDA Mattress Rollator Durability Tester HAIDA Mattress Rollator Durability Tester-2 HAIDA Sofa Durability Tester HD-F769 HAIDA Sofa Durability Tester HD-F761 HAIDA Sofa Iron Frame Fatigue Tester HAIDA Universal Test Field for Tables Chairs Ji bo alavên din ên bi vî rengî, ji kerema xwe biçin malpera alavên me: http://www.sourceindustrialsupply.com CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Global Product Finder Locator for Off Shelf Products AGS-TECH, Inc. ya we ye Çêkerê Xweseriya Gloverî, Integrator, Hevkar, Hevkarê Derveyî. Em ji bo çêkirin, çêkirin, endezyarî, hevgirtin, derxistina derve çavkaniya weya yek-rawest in. Heke hûn bi rastî hilbera ku hûn lê digerin dizanin, ji kerema xwe tabloya jêrîn dagirin Ger dagirtina forma li jêr ne mumkin an jî pir dijwar be, em daxwaza we bi e-nameyê jî qebûl dikin. Tenê ji me re binivîsin sales@agstech.net Get a Price Quote on a known brand, model, part number....etc. First name Last name Email Phone Product Name Product Make or Brand Please Enter Manufacturer Part Number if Known Please Enter SKU Code if You Know: Your Application for the Product Quantity Needed Do You have a price target ? If so, please let us know: Give us more details if you want: Condition of Product Needed New Used Does Not Matter Heke we hebe, pelên têkildar ên hilberê bi tikandina li ser lînka jêrîn barkirin. Xem neke, lînka jêrîn dê pencereyek nû ji bo daxistina pelên xwe vebike. Hûn ê ji vê pencereya heyî dûr nekevin. Piştî barkirina pelên xwe, TENÊ Pencera Dropboxê bigire, lê ne vê rûpelê. Bawer bikin ku hemî cîhan tije bikin û bişkojka şandina jêrîn bikirtînin. JI BO BAXKIRINA PÊLEYAN LI VIR bikirtînin Request a Quote Thanks! We’ll send you a price quote shortly. RÛPERA BERÊ Em AGS-TECH Inc., çavkaniya weya yek-stop ji bo çêkirin û çêkirin û endezyarî û jêderxistin û yekbûnek we ne. Em entegratora endezyariya herî cihêreng a Cîhanê ne ku hilberîna xwerû, binecivîn, komkirina hilberan û karûbarên endezyariyê pêşkêşî we dikin.

Test Equipment for Textiles Testing, Air Permeability Tester, Elmendorf Tearing Tester, Rubbing Fastness Tester for Textile, Spray Rate Tester Amûrên Testê Ji bo Testkirina Tekstîlê Specialized Test Equipment for Textiles Testing are used for testing textile products such as fabric and clothes, for checking their quality, endurance, functionality, reliability, safety, compliance to domestic and international standards....etc. Our specialized test equipment can be either: - CUSTOM DESIGNED and MANUFACTURED SPECIALIZED TEST EQUIPMENT for TEXTILES TESTING or - OFF-SHELF SPECIALIZED TEST EQUIPMENT for TEXTILES TESTING Custom designed specialized testing equipment is designed and developed by us for our customers specific needs, taking into consideration our customers specific requirements, their markets, their legal responsibilities...etc. We work with you hand in hand to accomplish what you need and want. Our engineers design, prototype and get your approval prior to manufacturing your test machines. On the other hand, our off-shelf specialized test equipment for testing of textiles are already designed and manufactured systems that can be purchased quickly from us and used. If you let us know what you need, we will be happy to guide you and propose you ready systems that can help achieve your goals. Our off-shelf specialized test equipment for testing of textiles can be downloaded from the colored links below: HAIDA Air Permeability Tester HAIDA Automatic Bursting Strength Test Machine Catalog Download HAIDA Automatic Wrap Reel for Textile HAIDA Bursting Strength Tester Series HAIDA Color Assessment Cabinet HAIDA Color Fastness to Washing Tester HAIDA Computerized Universal Test Machine with Extensometer HAIDA Computerized Universal Test Machine with Large Capacity (Double Column) HAIDA Computer Servo Tensile Test Machine HAIDA Desktop Tensile Test Machine HAIDA Double-Column Universal Testing Machine HAIDA Electro-Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine HAIDA Elmendorf Tearing Tester HAIDA Extra - Height Tensile Test Machine HAIDA Ironing Sublimation Color Fastness HAIDA Needle Detector HAIDA Rubbing Fastness Tester for Textile HAIDA Spray Rate Tester HAIDA Tensile Test Machines HAIDA Universal Testing Machine HAIDA Universal Test Machine HAIDA Universal Test Machine with Temperature Chamber Ji bo alavên din ên bi vî rengî, ji kerema xwe biçin malpera alavên me: http://www.sourceindustrialsupply.com CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Valves, Globe Valve, Gate Valve, Pinch Valve, Diaphragm Valve, Needle Valve, Multi Turn - Quarter Turn Valves for Pneumatics & Hydraulics, Vacuum from AGS-TECH Valves ji bo Pneumatics & Hydraulics & Vacuum The types of pneumatic and hydrolic valves we supply are summarized below. For those who are not very familiar with pneumatic and hydrolic valves, as this will help you better understand the material below, we recommend that you also download Illustrations of Major Valve Types by clicking here MULTI-TURN VALVES OR LINEAR MOTION VALVES The Gate Valve: The gate valve is a general service valve used primarily for on/off, non-throttling service. This type of valve is closed by either a flat face, vertical disc, or gate sliding down through the valve to block the flow. The Globe Valve: Globe valves achieve closure by a plug with a flat or convex bottom lowered onto a matching horizontal seat located in the center of the valve. Raising the plug opens the valve and allows the fluid to flow. Globe valves are used for on/off service and can handle throttling applications. The Pinch Valve: Pinch valves are particularly suited for applications of slurries or liquids with large amounts of suspended solids. Pinch valves seal by means of one or more flexible elements, such as a rubber tube, that can be pinched to shut off flow. The Diaphragm Valve: Diaphragm valves close by means of a flexible diaphragm attached to a compressor. Lowering the compressor by the valve stem, the diaphragm seals and cuts off flow. The diaphragm valve handles well corrosive, erosive and dirty jobs. The Needle Valve: The needle valve is a volume-control valve restricting flow in small lines. The fluid going through the valve turns 90 degrees and passes through an orifice which is the seat for a rod with a cone-shaped tip. The orifice size is changed by positioning the cone in relation to the seat. QUARTER TURN VALVES OR ROTARY VALVES The Plug Valve: Plug valves are used primarily for on/off service and throttling services. Plug valves control flow by means of a cylindrical or tapered plug with a hole in the center that lines up with the flow path of the valve to permit flow. A quarter turn in either direction blocks the flow path. The Ball Valve: The ball valve is similar to the plug valve but uses a rotating ball with a hole through it allowing straight-through flow in the open position and shutting off the flow when the ball is rotated 90 degrees blocking the flow passage. Similar to plug valves, ball valves are used for on-off and throttling services. The Butterfly Valve: The butterfly valve controls flow by using a circular disc or vane with its pivot axis at right angles to the direction of flow in the pipe. Butterfly valves are used for both on/off and throttling services. SELF-ACTUATED VALVES The Check Valve: The check valve is designed to prevent backflow. Fluid flow in the desired direction opens the valve, while backflow forces the valve closed. Check valves are analogous to diodes in an electric circuit or isolators in an optical circuit. The Pressure Relief Valve: Pressure relief valves are designed to provide protection from over-pressure in steam, gas, air and liquid lines. The pressure relief valve ''lets off steam'' when pressure exceeds a safe level, and closes again when pressure drops to the preset safe level. CONTROL VALVES They control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and fluid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from controllers that compare a ''setpoint'' to a ''process variable'' whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in such conditions. The opening and closing of control valves is usually achieved automatically by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators. Control valves consist of three main parts in which each part exists in several types and designs: 1.) Valve's actuator 2.) Valve's positioner 3.) Valve's body. Control valves are designed to ensure accurate proportioning control of flow. They automatically vary the rate of flow based on signals received from sensing devices in a continuous process. Some valves are designed specifically as control valves. However other valves, both linear and rotary motion, can be used as control valves as well, by the addition of power actuators, positioners and other accessories. SPECIALTY VALVES In addition to these standard types of valves, we produce custom-designed valves and actuators for specific applications. Valves are available in a broad spectrum of sizes and materials. The selection of the proper valve for a particular application is important. When selecting a valve for your application, consider: • The substance to be handled and the ability of the valve to resist attack by corrosion or erosion. • The flow rate • The valve control and shutting off the flow needed by the service conditions. • The maximum working pressures and temperatures and the ability of the valve to withstand them. • Actuator requirements, if any. • Maintenance and repair requirements and suitability of the selected valve for easy service. We produce many specialty valves engineered for specific requirements and operating conditions. For example, Ball Valves are available in two way and three way configurations for standard and severe duty. Hastelloy Valves are the most common special material valves. High Temperature Valves feature an extension to remove the packing area from the hot zone of a valve, making them fit for use at 1,000 Fahrenheit (538 Centigrade). Micro Control Metering Valves are designed to assure the fine and precise stem travel necessary for excellent control of flow. An integrated vernier indicator provides exact measurements of the stem revolutions. Pipe Connection Valves allow users to plumb a system through 15,000 psi using standard NPT pipe connections. Male Bottom Connection Valvesare designed for applications where extra rigidity or space restrictions are critical. These valves have a one-piece stem construction to increase durability and reduce the overall height. Double Block and Bleed Ball Valves are designed for high pressure hydraulic and pneumatic systems used for pressure monitoring and testing, chemical injection and drain line isolation. COMMON VALVE ACTUATOR TYPES Manual Actuators A manual actuator employs levers, gears, or wheels to facilitate movement while an automatic actuator has an external power source to provide the force and motion to operate a valve remotely or automatically. Power actuators are needed for valves located in remote areas. Power actuators are also used on valves that are frequently operated or throttled. Valves that are particularly large may be impossible or impractical to operate manually because of the sheer horsepower requirements. Some valves are located in very hostile or toxic environments that makes manual operation very difficult or impossible. As a safety functionality, some types of power actuators may be required to act quickly, shutting down a valve in cases of emergency. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuators Hydraulic and pneumatic actuators are often used on linear and quarter-turn valves. Sufficient air or fluid pressure acts on a piston to provide thrust in a linear motion for gate or globe valves. The thrust is mechanically converted to rotary motion to operate a quarter-turn valve. Most types of fluid power actuators can be supplied with fail-safe features to close or open a valve under emergency circumstances. Electric Actuators Electric actuators have motor drives that provide torque to operate a valve. Electric actuators are often used on multi-turn valves like gate or globe valves. With the addition of a quarter-turn gearbox, they can be utilized on ball, plug, or other quarter-turn valves. Please click on highlighted text below to download our product brochures for pneumatic and hydraulic valves: - Pneumatic Valves - Private Label Valves for Liquids and Gas (We can put your name and logo on these valves if you wish) - Vickers Series Hydraulic Vane Pumps and Motors - Vickers Series Valves - YC-Rexroth Series Variable Displacement Piston Pumps-Hydraulic Valves-Multiple Valves - Yuken Series Vane Pumps - Valves - YC Series Hydraulic Valves - Information on our facility producing ceramic to metal fittings, hermetic sealing, vacuum feedthroughs, high and ultrahigh vacuum and fluid control components can be found here: Fluid Control Factory Brochure CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Machined Components & Milling & Turning, CNC Machined Parts, Custom Drill Bits, Shaft Machining at AGS-TECH Pêkhateyên Makînekirî & Milling & Zivirandin Parçeyek CNC ya ku ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc ve hatî çêkirin û berhev kirin. Parçeyên makîneyên CNC yên ji bo pîşesaziya pakkirina xwarinê www.agstech.net CNC parçeyên makînekirî Zivirîna CNC-ê ya bi cildê bilind, rijandin û sondajê Bitikên xwerû yên ku ji bo xerîdar têne çêkirin Çêkirin û qedandina CNC-a kalîteya bilind Threading - Mijarek Rolandin û Birîn ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. Machining Precision ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. Hilberîna CNC ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. Çêkirina Bihara CNC ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. EDM Machining of Rotor AGS-TECH Inc. EDM Machined Steel Part AGS-TECH Inc. Damezrandina Mijarê ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. Çêkirina bitikên sondajê yên kavilkirî ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. Mifteya makînkirî ya stirrer Stainless Steel Forming Shaping Cutting Grinding Polishing by AGS-TECH Inc. Parçeyên Amûrên Makînekirî yên Ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. Prototîpkirina bilez a pêkhateyên metal Parçeyên aluminiumê yên anodîzekirî yên reş Çêkirina parçeyên tûncê Zivirîna CNC ya beşek pola zengarnegir Şaftên çêkirî Perçeyên pneumatîk ên pêçandî yên rast ên ku ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. Amûrên piçûk û pêlavên birêkûpêk ên ku ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc Machining yaqûtên pîşesaziyê Machining CNC yaqûtê Pîşesazî Zengên seramîk ên teknîkî yên ku ji hêla têne çêkirin AGS-TECH, Inc. Serê silindir ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. Serê cylinder Machining Pneumatic Hydraulic and Vacuum Components - AGS-TECH Custom Skive Blades Machining û Deburring Testkirina serhişkiya Skive Blades Amûrên birrîn ên ku li gorî hin taybetmendiyên serhişkiyê têne çêkirin. Kulîlkên makînekirî ku ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. ve bi erzan têne hilberandin Bushings Machined - AGS-TECH Inc Specialty DU Bearings Precision Machined DU Hilgirtina Elements Machine ji Steel Elements Machined Machined with Yellow Zinc Chromate Finish RÛPERA BERÊ

PCB - PCBA - Printed Circuit Board Assembly - Rigid Flexible Multilayer - Surface Mount Assembly - SMA - AGS-TECH Inc. PCB & PCBA Manufacturing û Meclîsa We offer: PCB: Printed Circuit Board PCBA: Printed Circuit Board Assembly • Printed Circuit Board Assemblies of all types (PCB, rigid, flexible and multilayer) • Substrates or complete PCBA assembly depending on your needs. • Thru-Hole and Surface Mount Assembly (SMA) Please send us your Gerber files, BOM, component specifications. We can either assemble your PCBs and PCBA's using your exact components specified, or we can offer you our matching alternatives. We are experienced shipping PCBs and PCBAs and will make sure to package them in antistatic bags to avoid electrostatic damage. PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. Our conformal coats are usually dips of dilute solutions of silicone rubber, polyurethane, acrylic, or epoxy. Some are engineering plastics sputtered onto the PCB in a vacuum chamber. Safety Standard UL 796 covers component safety requirements for printed wiring boards for use as components in devices or appliances. Our tests analyze characteristics such as flammability, maximum operating temperature, electrical tracking, heat deflection, and direct support of live electrical parts. The PCB boards may use organic or inorganic base materials in a single or multilayer, rigid or flexible form. Circuitry construction may include etched, die stamped, precut, flush press, additive, and plated conductor techniques. Printed-component parts may be used. The suitability of the pattern parameters, temperature and maximum solder limits shall be determined in accordance with the applicable end-product construction and requirements. Don't wait, call us for more information, design assistance, prototypes and mass production. If you need, we will take care of all the labeling, packaging, shipping, import & customs, storage and delivery. Below you can download our relevant brochures and catalogs for PCB and PCBA assembly: General process capabilities & tolerances for rigid PCB manufacturing General process capabilities & tolerances for aluminum PCB manufacturing General process capabilities & tolerances for flexible and rigid-flexible PCB manufacturing General PCB Fabrication Processes General process summary of Printed Circuit Board Assembly PCBA manufacturing Overview of Printed Circuit Boards Manufacturing Plant Some more brochures of our products we can use in your PCB and PCBA assembly projects: To download our catalog for off-shelf interconnect components & hardware such as quick-fit terminals, USB plugs & sockets, micro pins & jacks and more, please CLICK HERE Terminal Blocks and Connectors Terminal Blocks General Catalogue Standard heat sinks Extruded heat sinks Easy Click heat sinks a perfect product for PCB assemblies Super Power heat sinks for medium - high power electronic systems Heat sinks with Super Fins LCD modules Receptacles-Power Entry-Connectors Catalogue Dowload brochure for our DESIGN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM If you are interested in our engineering and research & development capabilities instead of manufacturing operations and capabilities, then we invite you to visit our engineering site http://www.ags-engineering.com CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Test Equipment for Cookware Testing, Cookware Tester, Cutlery Corrosion Resistance Tester, Strength Test Apparatus for Knives, Forks, Spatulas, Bending Strength Tester for Cookware Handles Amûrên Testê ji bo Testkirina Cookware Amûrên Testê yên Pispor ên ji bo Testkirina Kevir ji bo ceribandina hilberên xwarinçêkirinê yên wekî potan, pêlên zextê ... hwd têne bikar anîn, ji bo kontrolkirina kalîteya wan, bîhnfirehî, fonksiyonel, pêbawerî, ewlehî, lihevhatina bi standardên navxweyî û navneteweyî ... hwd. . Amûrên testê yên me yên pispor dikarin bibin: - JI BO TESTIRINA PIŞTÎKÊ AHAMÊN TESTÊN TAYBALÎZÊN DIZAJÎN Û ÇÊKIRÎ an - ALAMÊN TESTÎNÊN TAYBETÎ LI DERVEYÊ JI BO TESTÎNA XEBÛRÊ Amûrên ceribandinê yên taybetî yên sêwirandî ji hêla me ve ji bo hewcedariyên taybetî yên xerîdarên me têne sêwirandin û pêşve xistin, li gorî daxwazên taybetî yên xerîdarên me, bazarên wan, berpirsiyariyên wan ên qanûnî ... hwd. Em bi we re dest bi kar dikin da ku tiştê ku hûn hewce ne û dixwazin pêk bînin. Endezyarên me beriya çêkirina makîneyên ceribandina we sêwirandin, prototîp dikin û pejirandina we digirin. Ji hêla din ve, alavên ceribandina meya pispor a derveyî ji bo ceribandina kelûpelên xwarinê berê pergalên sêwirandî û çêkirine ne ku dikarin zû ji me bikirin û bikar bînin. Ger hûn ji me re agahdar bikin ka hûn çi hewce ne, em ê kêfxweş bibin ku rêberiya we bikin û pergalên amade yên ku dikarin bibin alîkar bigihîjin armancên we pêşniyar bikin. Amûrên ceribandina meya pispor a derveyî-rafîkê ya ji bo ceribandina aşpêj dikarin ji lînkên rengîn ên jêrîn werin dakêşandin: Kataloga Makîneyên Testkirina Haida Cookware Ji bo alavên din ên bi vî rengî, ji kerema xwe biçin malpera alavên me: http://www.sourceindustrialsupply.com CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Microfluidic Devices - Microfluidics - Micropumps - Microvalves - Lab-on-a-Chip Systems - Microhydraulic - Micropneumatic - AGS-TECH Inc.- New Mexico - USA Çêkirina Amûrên Microfluidic Our MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES MANUFACTURING operations are aimed at fabrication of devices and systems in which small volumes of fluids are handled. We have the capability to design microfluidic devices for you and offer prototyping & micromanufacturing custom tailored for your applications. Examples of microfluidic devices are micro-propulsion devices, lab-on-a-chip systems, micro-thermal devices, inkjet printheads and more. In MICROFLUIDICS we have to deal with the precise control and manipulation of fluids constrained to sub-milimeter regions. Fluids are moved, mixed, separated and processed. In microfluidic systems fluids are moved and controlled either actively using tiny micropumps and microvalves and the like or passively taking advantage of capillary forces. With lab-on-a-chip systems, processes which are normally carried out in a lab are miniaturized on a single chip in order to enhance efficiency and mobility as well as reduce sample and reagent volumes. Some major applications of microfluidic devices and systems are: - Laboratories on a chip - Drug screening - Glucose tests - Chemical microreactor - Microprocessor cooling - Micro fuel cells - Protein crystallization - Rapid drugs change, manipulation of single cells - Single cell studies - Tunable optofluidic microlens arrays - Microhydraulic & micropneumatic systems (liquid pumps, gas valves, mixing systems…etc) - Biochip early warning systems - Detection of chemical species - Bioanalytical applications - On-chip DNA and protein analysis - Nozzle spray devices - Quartz flow cells for detection of bacteria - Dual or multiple droplet generation chips Our design engineers have many years of experience in modeling, designing and testing of microfluidic devices for a range of applications. Our design expertise in the area of microfluidics includes: • Low temperature thermal bonding process for microfluidics • Wet etching of microchannels with etch depths of nm to mm deep in glass and borosilicate. • Grinding and polishing for a wide range of substrate thicknesses from as thin as 100 microns to over 40 mm. • Ability to fuse multiple layers to create complex microfluidic devices. • Drilling, dicing and ultrasonic machining techniques suitable for microfluidic devices • Innovative dicing techniques with precise edge connection for interconnectibility of microfluidic devices • Accurate alignment • Variety of deposited coatings, microfluidic chips can be sputtered with metals such as platinum, gold, copper and titanium to create a wide range of features, such as embedded RTDs, sensors, mirrors and electrodes. Besides our custom fabrication capabilities we have hundreds of off-the-shelf standard microfluidic chip designs available with hydrophobic, hydrophilic or fluorinated coatings and a wide range of channel sizes (100 nanometers to 1mm), inputs, outputs, different geometries such as circular cross, pillar arrays and micromixer. Our microfluidic devices offer excellent chemical resistance and optical transparency, high temperature stability up to 500 Centigrade, high pressure range up to 300 Bar. Some popular microfluidic off-shelf chips are: MICROFLUIDIC DROPLET CHIPS: Glass Droplet Chips with different junction geometries, channel sizes and surface properties are available. Microfluidic droplet chips have excellent optical transparency for clear imaging. Advanced hydrophobic coating treatments enable water-in-oil droplets to be generated as well as oil-in-water droplets formed in the untreated chips. MICROFLUIDIC MIXER CHIPS: Enabling mixing of two fluid streams within miliseconds, the micromixer chips benefit a wide range of applications including reaction kinetics, sample dilution, rapid crystallisation and nanoparticle synthesis. SINGLE MICROFLUIDIC CHANNEL CHIPS: AGS-TECH Inc. offers single channel microfluidic chips with one inlet and one outlet for several applications. Two different chip dimensions are available off-the-shelf (66x33mm and 45x15mm). We also stock compatible chip holders. CROSS MICROFLUIDIC CHANNEL CHIPS: We also offer microfluidic chips with two simple channels crossing each other. Ideal for droplet generation and flow focusing applications. Standard chip dimensions are 45x15mm and we have a compatible chip holder. T-JUNCTION CHIPS: The T-Junction is a basic geometry used in microfluidics for liquid contacting and droplet formation. These microfluidic chips are available in a number of forms including thin layer, quartz, platinum coated, hydrophobic and hydrophilic versions. Y-JUNCTION CHIPS: These are glass microfluidic devices designed for a wide range of applications including liquid-liquid contacting and diffusion studies. These microfluidic devices feature two connected Y-Junctions and two straight channels for observation of microchannel flow. MICROFLUIDIC REACTOR CHIPS: Microreactor chips are compact glass microfluidic devices designed for rapid mixing and reaction of two or three liquid reagent streams. WELLPLATE CHIPS: This is a tool for analytical research and clinical diagnostic laboratories. Wellplate chips are for holding small droplets of reagents or groups of cells in nano-litre wells. MEMBRANE DEVICES: These membrane devices are designed to be used for liquid-liquid separation, contacting or extraction, cross-flow filtration and surface chemistry reactions. These devices benefit from a low dead volume and a disposable membrane. MICROFLUIDIC RESEALABLE CHIPS: Designed for microfluidic chips that can be opened and resealed, the resealable chips enable up to eight fluidic and eight electrical connections and deposition of reagents, sensors or cells onto the channel surface. Some applications are cell culture and analysis, impedance detection and biosensor testing. POROUS MEDIA CHIPS: This is a glass microfluidic device designed for statistical modeling of a complex porous sandstone rock structure. Among the applications of this microfluidic chip are research in earth science & engineering, petrochemical industry, environmental testing, groundwater analysis. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS CHIP (CE chip): We offer capillary electrophoresis chips with and without integrated electrodes for DNA analysis and separation of biomolecules. Capillary electrophoresis chips are compatible with encapsulates of dimensions 45x15mm. We have CE chips one with classical crossing and one with T-crossing. All needed accessories such as chip holders, connectors are available. Besides microfluidic chips, AGS-TECH offers a wide range of pumps, tubing, microfluidic systems, connectors and accessories. Some off-shelf microfluidic systems are: MICROFLUIDIC DROPLET STARTER SYSTEMS: Syringe-based droplet starter system provides a complete solution for the generation of monodispersed droplets that range from 10 to 250 micron diameter. Operating over wide flow ranges between 0.1 microliters/min to 10 microliters/min, the chemically resistant microfluidics system is ideal for initial concept work and experimentation. The pressure-based droplet starter system on the other hand is a tool for preliminary work in microfluidics. The system provides a complete solution containing all needed pumps, connectors and microfluidic chips enabling the production of highly monodispersed droplets ranging from 10 to 150 microns. Operating over a wide pressure range between 0 to 10 bars, this system is chemically resistant and its modular design makes it easily expandable for future applications. By providing a stable liquid flow, this modular toolkit eliminates dead volume and sample waste to effectively reduce associated reagent costs. This microfluidic system offers the ability to provide a quick liquid changeover. A lockable pressure chamber and an innovative 3-way chamber lid allow simultaneous pumping of up to three liquids. ADVANCED MICROFLUIDIC DROPLET SYSTEM: A modular microfluidic system that enables production of extremely consistent sized droplets, particles, emulsions, and bubbles. The advanced microfluidic droplet system uses flow focusing technology in a microfluidic chip with a pulseless liquid flow to produce monodispersed droplets between nanometers and hundreds of microns size. Well suited for encapsulation of cells, producing beads, controlling nanoparticle formation etc. Droplet size, flow rates, temperatures, mixing junctions, surface properties and order of additions can be quickly varied for process optimization. The microfluidic system contains all the parts required including pumps, flow sensors, chips, connectors and automation components. Accessories are also available, including optical systems, larger reservoirs and reagent kits. Some microfluidics applications for this system are encapsulation of cells, DNA and magnetic beads for research and analysis, drug delivery via polymer particles and drug formulation, precision manufacturing of emulsions and foams for food and cosmetics, production of paints and polymer particles, microfluidics research on droplets, emulsions, bubbles and particles. MICROFLUIDIC SMALL DROPLET SYSTEM: An ideal system for producing and analyzing microemulsions that offer increased stability, a higher interfacial area and the capacity to solubilize both aqueous and oil-soluble compounds. Small droplet microfluidic chips allow the generation of highly monodispersed micro-droplets ranging from 5 to 30 microns. MICROFLUIDIC PARALLEL DROPLET SYSTEM: A high throughput system for the production of up to 30,000 monodispersed microdroplets per second ranging from 20 to 60 microns. The microfluidic parallel droplet system allows users to create stable water-in-oil or oil-in-water droplets facilitating a broad range of applications in drug and food production. MICROFLUIDIC DROPLET COLLECTION SYSTEM: This system is well suited for the generation, collection and analysis of monodispersed emulsions. The microfluidic droplet collection system features the droplet collection module that allows emulsions to be collected without flow disruption or droplet coalescence. The microfluidic droplet size can be accurately adjusted and quickly changed enabling full control over emulsion characteristics. MICROFLUIDIC MICROMIXER SYSTEM: This system is made of a microfluidic device, precision pumping, microfluidic elements and software to obtain excellent mixing. A lamination-based compact micromixer glass microfluidic device allows rapid mixing of two or three fluid streams in each of the two independent mixing geometries. Perfect mixing can be achieved with this microfluidic device at both high and low flow rate ratios. The microfluidic device, and its surrounding components offer excellent chemical stability, high visibility for optics, and good optical transmission. The micromixer system performs exceptionally fast, works in continuous flow mode and can completely mix two or three fluid streams within milliseconds. Some applications of this microfluidic mixing device are reaction kinetics, sample dilution, improved reaction selectivity, rapid crystallization and nanoparticle synthesis, cell activation, enzyme reactions and DNA hybridization. MICROFLUIDIC DROPLET-ON-DEMAND SYSTEM: This is a compact and portable droplet-on-demand microfluidic system to generate droplets of up to 24 different samples and store up to 1000 droplets with sizes down to 25 nanoliters. The microfluidic system offers excellent control of droplet size and frequency as well as allowing the use of multiple reagents to create complex assays quickly and easily. Microfluidic droplets can be stored, thermally cycled, merged or split from nanoliter to picoliter droplets. Some applications are, generation of screening libraries, cell encapsulation, encapsulation of organisms, automation of ELISA tests, preparation of concentration gradients, combinatorial chemistry, cell assays. NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS SYSTEM: Nanoparticles are smaller than 100nm and benefit a range of applications such as the synthesis of silicon based fluorescent nanoparticles (quantum dots) to label biomolecules for diagnostic purposes, drug delivery, and cellular imaging. Microfluidics technology is ideal for nanoparticle synthesis. Reducing reagent consumption, it allows tighter particle size distributions, improved control over reaction times and temperatures, as well as better mixing efficiency. MICROFLUIDIC DROPLET MANUFACTURE SYSTEM: High-throughput microfluidic system that facilitates production of up to a tonne of highly monodispersed droplets, particles or emulsion a month. This modular, scalable and highly flexible microfluidic system allows up to 10 modules to be assembled in parallel, enabling identical conditions for up to 70 microfluidic chip droplet junctions. Mass-production of highly monodispersed microfluidic droplets ranging between 20 microns and 150 microns is possible that can be flowed directly off the chips, or into tubes. Applications include particle production - PLGA, gelatine, alginate, polystyrene, agarose, drug delivery in creams, aerosols, bulk precision manufacturing of emulsions and foams in food, cosmetics, paint industries, nanoparticle synthesis, parallel micromixing and micro-reactions. PRESSURE-DRIVEN MICROFLUIDIC FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM: The closed-loop smart flow control provides control of flow rates from nanoliters/min to mililiters/min, at pressures from 10 bar down to vacuum. A flow rate sensor connected in-line between the pump and the microfluidic device facilitates users to enter a flow rate target directly on the pump without the need for a PC. Users will get smoothness of pressure and repeatability of volumetric flow in their microfluidic devices. Systems can be extended to multiple pumps, which will all control flow rate independently. To operate in flow control mode, the flow rate sensor needs to be connected to the pump using either the sensor display or sensor interface. CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Optomechanical Assembly, Endoscope Coupler Manufacturing, Optocouplers Custom Fabrication Meclîsên Optomechanical Meclîsên optomekanîkî Meclîsên Optomekanîkî - AGS-TECH Meclîsên Projektora Optîkî ji AGS-TECH Inc. Meclîsên Optomekanîkî - Pergalên Kamera - AGS-TECH, Inc. AGS-TECH optocouplers wek Iphone ji bo hevalbendê endoskopî sêwiran û çêdike. Fiberscope ji hêla AGS-TECH Inc. Components Optomechanical Mirror Finish Metal Metal Refllective Reflective for Application Solar by AGS-TECH Inc. RÛPERA BERÊ

Plasma Machining - HF Plasma Cutting - Plasma Gouging - CNC - Plasma Arc Welding - PAW - GTAW - AGS-TECH Inc. - New Mexico Çêkirina Plasma û Çêkirin We use the PLASMA CUTTING and PLASMA MACHINING processes to cut and machine steel, aluminum, metals and other materials of different thicknesses using a plasma torch. In plasma-cutting (also sometimes called PLASMA-ARC CUTTING), an inert gas or compressed air is blown at high speed out of a nozzle and simultaneously an electrical arc is formed through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being cut, turning a portion of that gas to plasma. To simplify, plasma can be described as the fourth state of matter. The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. For a common example, water, these three states are ice, water and steam. The difference between these states relates to their energy levels. When we add energy in the form of heat to ice, it melts and forms water. When we add more energy, the water vaporizes in the form of steam. By adding more energy to steam these gases become ionized. This ionization process causes the gas to become electrically conductive. We call this electrically conductive, ionized gas a “plasma”. The plasma is very hot and melts the metal being cut and at the same time blowing the molten metal away from the cut. We use plasma for cutting thin and thick, ferrous and nonferrous materials alike. Our hand-held torches can usually cut up to 2 inches thick steel plate, and our stronger computer-controlled torches can cut steel up to 6 inches thick. Plasma cutters produce a very hot and localized cone to cut with, and are therefore very suitable for cutting metal sheets in curved and angled shapes. The temperatures generated in plasma-arc cutting are very high and around 9673 Kelvin in the oxygen plasma torch. This offers us a fast process, small kerf width, and good surface finish. In our systems using tungsten electrodes, the plasma is inert, formed using either argon, argon-H2 or nitrogen gases. However, we also use sometimes oxidizing gases, such as air or oxygen, and in those systems the electrode is copper with hafnium. The advantage of an air plasma torch is that it uses air instead of expensive gases, thus potentially reducing overall cost of machining . Our HF-TYPE PLASMA CUTTING machines use a high-frequency, high-voltage spark to ionize the air through the torch head and initiate arcs. Our HF plasma cutters do not require the torch to be in contact with the workpiece material at the start, and are suitable for applications involving COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC) cutting. Other manufacturers are using primitive machines that require tip contact with the parent metal to start and then the gap separation occurs. These more primitive plasma cutters are more susceptible to contact tip and shield damage at starting. Our PILOT-ARC TYPE PLASMA machines use a two step process for producing plasma, without the need for initial contact. In the first step, a high-voltage, low current circuit is used to initialize a very small high-intensity spark within the torch body, generating a small pocket of plasma gas. This is called the pilot arc. The pilot arc has a return electrical path built into the torch head. The pilot arc is maintained and preserved until it is brought into proximity of the workpiece. There the pilot arc ignites the main plasma cutting arc. Plasma arcs are extremely hot and are in the range of 25,000 °C = 45,000 °F. A more traditional method we also deploy is OXYFUEL-GAS CUTTING (OFC) where we use a torch as in welding. The operation is used in cutting of steel, cast iron and cast steel. The principle of cutting in oxyfuel-gas cutting is based on oxidation, burning and melting of the steel. Kerf widths in oxyfuel-gas cutting are in the neighborhood of 1.5 to 10mm. The plasma arc process has been seen as an alternative to the oxy-fuel process. The plasma-arc process differs from the oxy-fuel process in that it operates by using the arc to melt the metal whereas in the oxy-fuel process, the oxygen oxidizes the metal and the heat from the exothermic reaction melts the metal. Therefore, unlike the oxy-fuel process, the plasma-process can be applied for cutting metals which form refractory oxides such as stainless steel, aluminium, and non-ferrous alloys. PLASMA GOUGING a similar process to plasma cutting, is typically performed with the same equipment as plasma cutting. Instead of cutting the material, plasma gouging uses a different torch configuration. The torch nozzle and gas diffuser is usually different, and a longer torch-to-workpiece distance is maintained for blowing away metal. Plasma gouging can be used in various applications, including removing a weld for rework. Some of our plasma cutters are built in to the CNC table. CNC tables have a computer to control the torch head to produce clean sharp cuts. Our modern CNC plasma equipment is capable of multi-axis cutting of thick materials and allowing opportunities for complex welding seams that are not possible otherwise. Our plasma-arc cutters are highly automated through the use of programmable controls. For thinner materials, we prefer laser cutting to plasma cutting, mostly because of our laser cutter's superior hole-cutting abilities. We also deploy vertical CNC plasma cutting machines, offering us a smaller footprint, increased flexibility, better safety and faster operation. The quality of the plasma cut edge is similar to that achieved with the oxy-fuel cutting processes. However, because the plasma process cuts by melting, a characteristic feature is the greater degree of melting towards the top of the metal resulting in top edge rounding, poor edge squareness or a bevel on the cut edge. We use new models of plasma torches with a smaller nozzle and a thinner plasma arc to improve arc constriction to produce more uniform heating at the top and bottom of the cut. This allows us to obtain near-laser precision on plasma cut and machined edges. Our HIGH TOLERANCE PLASMA ARC CUTTING (HTPAC) systems operate with a highly constricted plasma. Focusing of the plasma is achieved by forcing the oxygen generated plasma to swirl as it enters the plasma orifice and a secondary flow of gas is injected downstream of the plasma nozzle. We have a separate magnetic field surrounding the arc. This stabilises the plasma jet by maintaining the rotation induced by the swirling gas. By combining precision CNC control with these smaller and thinner torches we are capable to produce parts that require little or no finishing. Material removal rates in plasma-machining are much higher than in the Electric-Discharge-Machining (EDM) and Laser-Beam-Machining (LBM) processes, and parts can be machined with good reproducibility. PLASMA ARC WELDING (PAW) is a process similar to gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The electric arc is formed between an electrode generally made of sintered tungsten and the workpiece. The key difference from GTAW is that in PAW, by positioning the electrode within the body of the torch, the plasma arc can be separated from the shielding gas envelope. The plasma is then forced through a fine-bore copper nozzle which constricts the arc and the plasma exiting the orifice at high velocities and temperatures approaching 20,000 °C. Plasma arc welding is an advancement over the GTAW process. The PAW welding process uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode and an arc constricted through a fine-bore copper nozzle. PAW can be used to join all metals and alloys that are weldable with GTAW. Several basic PAW process variations are possible by varying the current, plasma gas flow rate, and the orifice diameter, including: Micro-plasma (< 15 Amperes) Melt-in mode (15–400 Amperes) Keyhole mode (>100 Amperes) In plasma arc welding (PAW) we obtain a greater energy concentration as compared to GTAW. Deep and narrow penetration is achievable, with a maximum depth of 12 to 18 mm (0.47 to 0.71 in) depending on the material. Greater arc stability allows a much longer arc length (stand-off), and much greater tolerance to arc length changes. As a disadvantage however, PAW requires relatively expensive and complex equipment as compared to GTAW. Also the torch maintenance is critical and more challenging. Other disadvantages of PAW are: Welding procedures tend to be more complex and less tolerant to variations in fit-up, etc. Operator skill required is a little more than for GTAW. Orifice replacement is necessary. CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Photochemical Machining - PCM - Photo Etching - Chemical Milling - Blanking - Wet Etching - CM - Sheet Metal Components Machining Kîmyewî & Blanking Photochemical CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM) technique is based on the fact that some chemicals attack metals and etch them. This results in removal of small layers of material from surfaces. We use reagents and etchants such as acids and alkaline solutions to remove material from surfaces. The hardness of the material is not a factor for etching. AGS-TECH Inc. frequently uses chemical machining for engraving metals, manufacturing printed-circuit boards and deburring of produced parts. Chemical machining is well suited for shallow removal up to 12 mm on large flat or curved surfaces, and CHEMICAL BLANKING of thin sheets. The chemical machining (CM) method involves low tooling and equipment costs and is advantageous over other ADVANCED MACHINING PROCESSES for low production runs. Typical material removal rates or cutting speeds in chemical machining are around 0.025 – 0.1 mm/min. Using CHEMICAL MILLING, we produce shallow cavities on sheets, plates, forgings and extrusions, either to meet design requirements or for reduction of weight in parts. The chemical milling technique can be used on a variety of metals. In our manufacturing processes, we deploy removable layers of maskants to control the selective attack by the chemical reagent on different areas of the workpiece surfaces. In microelectronic industry the chemical milling is widely used to fabricate miniature devices on chips and the technique is referred to as WET ETCHING. Some surface damage may result from chemical milling due to preferential etching and intergranular attack by the chemicals involved. This may result in deterioration of surfaces and roughening. One has to be careful prior to deciding to use chemical milling on metal castings, welded and brazed structures because uneven material removal may occur because the filler metal or the structural material may machine preferentially. In metal castings uneven surfaces may be obtained due to porosity and non-uniformity of the structure. CHEMICAL BLANKING: We use this method to produce features that penetrate through the thickness of the material, having the material removed by chemical dissolution. This method is an alternative to stamping technique we use in sheet metal manufacturing. Also in burr-free etching of printed-circuit boards (PCB) we deploy chemical blanking. PHOTOCHEMICAL BLANKING & PHOTOCHEMICAL MACHINING (PCM): Photochemical blanking is also known as PHOTOETCHING or PHOTO ETCHING, and is a modified version of chemical milling. Material is removed from flat thin sheets using photographic techniques and complex burr-free, stress-free shapes are blanked. Using photochemical blanking we manufacture fine and thin metal screens, printed-circuit cards, electric-motor laminations, flat precision springs. The photochemical blanking technique offers us the advantage of producing small parts, fragile parts without the need to manufacture difficult and expensive blanking dies that are used in traditional sheet metal manufacturing. Photochemical blanking does require skilled personnel, but the tooling costs are low, the process is easily automated and feasibility is high for medium to high volume production. Some disadvantages exist as is the case in every manufacturing process: Environmental concerns due to chemicals and safety concerns due to volatile liquids being used. Photochemical machining also known as PHOTOCHEMICAL MILLING, is the process of fabricating sheet metal components using a photoresist and etchants to corrosively machine away selected areas. Using photo etching we produce highly complex parts with fine details economically. The photochemical milling process is for us an economical alternative to stamping, punching, laser and water jet cutting for thin gauge precision parts. The photochemical milling process is useful for prototyping and allows for easy and quick changes when there is a change in design. It is an ideal technique for research & development. Phototooling is fast and inexpensive to produce. Most phototools cost less than $ 500 and can be produced within two days. Dimensional tolerances are well met with no burrs, no stress and sharp edges. We can start manufacturing a part within hours after receiving your drawing. We can use PCM on most commercially available metals and alloys such as include aluminium, brass, beryllium-copper, copper, molybdenum, inconel, manganese, nickel, silver, steel, stainless steel, zinc and titanium with thicknesses of 0.0005 to 0.080 in (0.013 to 2.0 mm). Phototools are exposed only to light and therefore do not wear out. Due to the cost of hard tooling for stamping and fine blanking, significant volume is required to justify the expense, which is not the case in PCM. We start the PCM process by printing the shape of the part onto optically clear and dimensionally stable photographic film. The phototool consists of two sheets of this film showing negative images of the parts meaning that the area that will become the parts is clear and all of the areas to be etched are black. We register the two sheets optically and mechanically to form the top and bottom halves of the tool. We cut the metal sheets to size, clean and then laminate on both sides with a UV-sensitive photoresist. We place the coated metal between the two sheets of the phototool and a vacuum is drawn to ensure intimate contact between the phototools and the metal plate. We then expose the plate to UV light that allows the areas of resist that are in the clear sections of the film to be hardened. After exposure we wash away the unexposed resist of the plate, leaving the areas to be etched unprotected. Our etching lines have driven-wheel conveyors to move the plates and arrays of spray nozzles above and below the plates. The etchant is typically an aqueous solution of acid such as ferric chloride, that is heated and directed under pressure to both sides of the plate. The etchant reacts with the unprotected metal and corrodes it away. After neutralizing and rinsing, we remove the remaining resist and the sheet of parts is cleaned and dried. Applications of photochemical machining include fine screens and meshes, apertures, masks, battery grids, sensors, springs, pressure membranes, flexible heating elements, RF and microwave circuits and components, semiconductor leadframes, motor and transformer laminations, metal gaskets and seals, shields and retainers, electrical contacts, EMI/RFI shields, washers. Some parts, such as semiconductor leadframes, are very complex and fragile that, despite volumes in the millions of pieces, they can only be produced by photo etching. The accuracy achievable with the chemical etching process offers us tolerances starting at +/-0.010mm depending on the material type and thickness. Features can be positioned with accuracies around +-5 microns. In PCM, the most economical way is to plan the largest sheet size possible consistent with the size and dimensional tolerances of the part. The more parts per sheet are produced the lower the unit labor cost per part. Material thickness affects costs and is proportional to the length of time to etch through. Most alloys etch at rates between 0.0005–0.001 in (0.013–0.025 mm) of depth per minute per side. In general, for steel, copper or aluminum workpieces with thicknesses up to 0.020 in (0.51 mm), part costs will be roughly $0.15–0.20 per square inch. As the geometry of the part becomes more complex, photochemical machining gains greater economic advantage over sequential processes such as CNC punching, laser or water-jet cutting, and electrical discharge machining. Contact us today with your project and let us provide you our ideas and suggestions. CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ

Composites, Composite Materials Manufacturing, Particle and Fiber Reinforced, Cermets, Ceramic & Metal Composite, Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer, Lay-Up Process Hilberîna Materyalên Pêkhatî & Pêkhatî Simply defined, COMPOSITES or COMPOSITE MATERIALS are materials consisting of two or multiple materials with different physical or chemical properties, but when combined they become a material that is different than the constituent materials. We need to point out that the constituent materials remain separate and distinct in the structure. The goal in manufacturing a composite material is to obtain a product that is superior than its constituents and combines each constituent’s desired features. As an example; strength, low weight or lower price may be the motivator behind designing and producing a composite. The type of composites we offer are particle-reinforced composites, fiber-reinforced composites including ceramic-matrix / polymer-matrix / metal-matrix / carbon-carbon / hybrid composites, structural & laminated & sandwich-structured composites and nanocomposites. The fabrication techniques we deploy in composite material manufacturing are: Pultrusion, prepreg production processes, advanced fiber placement, filament winding, tailored fiber placement, fiberglass spray lay-up process, tufting, lanxide process, z-pinning. Many composite materials are made up of two phases, the matrix, which is continuous and surrounds the other phase; and the dispersed phase which is surrounded by the matrix. We recommend that you click here to DOWNLOAD our Schematic Illustrations of Composites and Composite Materials Manufacturing by AGS-TECH Inc. This will help you better understand the information we are providing you below. • PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES : This category consists of two types: Large-particle composites and dispersion-strengthened composites. In the former type, particle-matrix interactions cannot be treated on the atomic or molecular level. Instead continuum mechanics is valid. On the other hand, in dispersion-strengthened composites particles are generally much smaller in the tens of nanometer ranges. An example of large particle composite is polymers to which fillers have been added. The fillers improve the properties of the material and may replace some of the polymer volume with a more economical material. The volume fractions of the two phases influences the behaviour of the composite. Large particle composites are used with metals, polymers and ceramics. The CERMETS are examples of ceramic / metal composites. Our most common cermet is cemented carbide. It consists of refractory carbide ceramic such as tungsten carbide particles in a matrix of a metal such as cobalt or nickel. These carbide composites are widely used as cutting tools for hardened steel. The hard carbide particles are responsible for the cutting action and their toughness is enhanced by the ductile metal matrix. Thus we obtain the advantages of both materials in a single composite. Another common example of a large particle composite we use is carbon black particulates mixed with vulcanized rubber to obtain a composite with high tensile strength, toughness, tear and abrasion resistance. An example of a dispersion-strengthened composite is metals and metal alloys strengthened and hardened by the uniform dispersion of fine particles of a very hard and inert material. When very small aluminum oxide flakes are added to aluminum metal matrix we obtain sintered aluminum powder which has an enhanced high-temperature strength. • FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES : This categoy of composites is in fact the most important. The goal to achieve is high strength and stiffness per unit weight. The fiber composition, length, orientation and concentration in these composites is critical in determining the properties and usefulness of these materials. There are three groups of fibers we use: whiskers, fibers and wires. WHISKERS are very thin and long single crystals. They are among the strongest materials. Some example whisker materials are graphite, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide. FIBERS on the other hand are mostly polymers or ceramics and are in polycrystalline or amorphous state. The third group is fine WIRES that have relatively large diameters and consist frequently of steel or tungsten. An example of wire reinforced composite is car tires that incorporates steel wire inside rubber. Depending on the matrix material, we have the following composites: POLYMER-MATRIX COMPOSITES : These are made of a polymer resin and fibers as the reinforcement ingredient. A subgroup of these called Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites contain continuous or discontinuous glass fibers within a polymer matrix. Glass offers high strength, it is economical, easy to fabricate into fibers, and is chemically inert. The disadvantages are their limited rigidity and stiffness, service temperatures being only up to 200 – 300 Centigrade. Fiberglass is suitable for automotive bodies and transportation equipment, marine vehicle bodies, storage containers. They are not suitable for aerospace nor bridge making due to limited rigidity. The other subgroup is called Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composite. Here, carbon is our fiber material in the polymer matrix. Carbon is known for its high specific modulus and strength and its capability to maintain these at high temperatures. Carbon fibers can offer us standard, intermediate, high and ultrahigh tensile moduli. Furthermore, carbon fibers do offer diverse physical and mechanical characteristics and therefore a suitable for various custom tailored engineering applications. CFRP composites can be considered to manufacture sports and recreational equipment, pressure vessels and aerospace structural components. Yet, another subgroup, the Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites are also high-strength and modulus materials. Their strength to weight ratios are outstandingly high. Aramid fibers are also known by trade names KEVLAR and NOMEX. Under tension they perform better than other polymeric fiber materials, but they are weak in compression. Aramid fibers are tough, impact resistant, creep and fatigue resistant, stable at high temperatures, chemically inert except against strong acids and bases. Aramid fibers are widely used in sporting goods, bulletproof vests, tires, ropes, fiber optic cable sheats. Other fiber reinforcement materials exist but are used to a lesser degree. These are boron, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide mainly. The polymer matrix material on the other hand is also critical. It determines the maximum service temperature of the composite because the polymer has generally a lower melting and degradation temperature. Polyesters and vinyl esters are widely used as the polymer matrix. Resins are also used and they have excellent moisture resistance and mechanical properties. For example polyimide resin can be used up to about 230 Degrees Celcius. METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES : In these materials we use a ductile metal matrix and the service temperatures are generally higher than their constituent components. When compared to polymer-matrix composites, these can have higher operating temperatures, be nonflammable, and may have better degradation resitance against organic fluids. However they are more expensive. Reinforcement materials such as whiskers, particulates, continuous and discontinuous fibers; and matrix materials such as copper, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, superalloys are being commonly used. Example applications are engine components made of aluminum alloy matrix reinforced with aluminum oxide and carbon fibers. CERAMIC-MATRIX COMPOSITES : Ceramic materials are known for their outstandingly good high temperature reliability. However they are very brittle and have low values for fracture toughness. By embedding particulates, fibers or whiskers of one ceramic into the matrix of another we are able to achieve composites with higher fracture toughnesses. These embedded materials basically inhibit crack propagation inside the matrix by some mechanisms such as deflecting the crack tips or forming bridges across crack faces. As an example, aluminas that are reinforced with SiC whiskers are used as cutting tool inserts for machining hard metal alloys. These can reveal better performances as compared to cemented carbides. CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES : Both the reinforcement as well as the matrix are carbon. They have high tensile moduli and strengths at high temperatures over 2000 Centigrade, creep resistance, high fracture toughnesses, low thermal expansion coefficients, high thermal conductivities. These properties make them ideal for applications requiring thermal shock resistance. The weakness of carbon-carbon composites is however its vulnerability against oxidation at high temperatures. Typical examples of usage are hot-pressing molds, advanced turbine engine components manufacturing. HYBRID COMPOSITES : Two or more different types of fibers are mixed in a single matrix. One can thus tailor a new material with a combination of properties. An example is when both carbon and glass fibers are incorporated into a polymeric resin. Carbon fibers provide low density stiffness and strength but are expensive. The glass on the other hand is inexpensive but lack the stiffness of carbon fibers. The glass-carbon hybrid composite is stronger and tougher and can be manufactured at a lower cost. PROCESSING OF FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES : For continuous fiber-reinforced plastics with uniformly distributed fibers oriented in the same direction we use the following techniques. PULTRUSION: Rods, beams and tubes of continuous lengths and constant cross-sections are manufactured. Continuous fiber rovings are impregnated with a thermosetting resin and are pulled through a steel die to preform them to a desired shape. Next, they pass through a precision machined curing die to attain its final shape. Since the curing die is heated, it cures the resin matrix. Pullers draw the material through the dies. Using inserted hollow cores, we are able to obtain tubes and hollow geometries. The pultrusion method is automated and offers us high production rates. Any length of product is possible to produce. PREPREG PRODUCTION PROCESS : Prepreg is a continuous-fiber reinforcement preimpregnated with a partially cured polymer resin. It is widely used for structural applications. The material comes in tape form and is shipped as a tape. The manufacturer moulds it directly and fully cures it without the need to add any resin. Since prepregs undergo curing reactions at room temperatures, they are stored at 0 Centigrade or lower temperatures. After use the remaining tapes are stored back at low temperatures. Thermoplastic and thermosetting resins are used and reinforcement fibers of carbon, aramid and glass are common. To use prepregs, the the carrier backing paper is first removed and then the fabrication is carried out by laying of the prepreg tape onto a tooled surface (the lay-up process). Several plies may be laid up to obtain the desired thicknesses. Frequent practice is to alternate the fiber orientation to produce a cross-ply or angle-ply laminate. Finally heat and pressure are applied for curing. Both hand processing as well as automated processes are used for cutting prepregs and lay-up. FILAMENT WINDING : Continuous reinforcing fibers are accurately positioned in a predetermined pattern to follow a hollow and usually cyclindirical shape. The fibers first go through a resin bath and then are wound onto a mandrel by an automated system. After several winding repetitions desired thicknesses are obtained and curing is performed either at room temperature or inside an oven. Now the mandrel is removed and the product is demolded. Filament winding can offer very high strength-to-weight ratios by winding the fibers in circumferential, helical and polar patterns. Pipes, tanks, casings are manufactured using this technique. • STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES : Generally these are made up of both homogeneous and composite materials. Therefore the properties of these are determined by the constituent materials and geometrical design of its elements. Here are the major types: LAMINAR COMPOSITES : These structural materials are made of two dimensional sheets or panels with preferred high-strength directions. Layers are stacked and cemented together. By alternating the high-strength directions in the two perpendicular axes, we obtain a composite that has high-strength in both directions in the two-dimensional plane. By adjusting the angles of the layers one can manufacture a composite with strength in the preferred directions. Modern ski is manufactured this way. SANDWICH PANELS : These structural composites are lightweight but yet have high stiffness and strength. Sandwich panels consist of two outer sheets made of a stiff and strong material like aluminum alloys, fiber reinforced plastics or steel and a core in between the outer sheets. The core needs to be lightweight and most of the time have a low modulus of elasticity. Popular core materials are rigid polymeric foams, wood and honeycombs. Sandwich panels are widely used in the construction industry as roofing material, floor or wall material, and also in the aerospace industries. • NANOCOMPOSITES : These new materials consist of nanosized particles particles embedded in a matrix. Using nanocomposites we can manufacture rubber materials that are very good barriers to air penetration while maintaning their rubber properties unchanged. CLICK Product Finder-Locator Service RÛPERA BERÊ