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Lighting, Illumination, LED Assembly, Lighting Fixture, Marine Lighting, Warning Lights, Panel Light, Indicator Lamps, Fiber Optic Illumination, AGS-TECH Inc. Производство и монтажа на системи за осветлување и осветлување As an engineering integrator, AGS-TECH can provide you custom designed and manufactured LIGHTING & ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS. We have the software tools such as ZEMAX and CODE V for optical design, optimization & simulation and the firmware to test illumination, light intensity, density, chromatic output...etc of lighting and illumination systems. More specifically we offer: • Lighting and illumination fixtures, assemblies, systems, low power energy saving LED or fluorescent based illumination assemblies according to your optical specifications, needs and requirements. • Special application lighting & illumination systems for harsh environments, such as ships, boats, chemical plants, submarine...etc. with enclosures made of salt resisting materials such as brass and bronze and special connectors. • Lighting and illumination systems based on fiber optic, fiber bunch or waveguiding devices. • Lighting and illumination systems working at visible as well as other spectral regions such as UV or IR. Some of our brochures related to lighting & illumination systems can be downloaded from below links: LED dies and chips LED Lighting Products (OEM, ODM, Private Label) (If you wish, we can put your company name, brand and logo on these products) LED lights Catalog Relight Model LED Lights Brochure Indicator Lamps and Warning Lights Additional indicator lamps with UL and CE and IP65 certification ND16100111-1150582 LED display panels MEAN WELL Standard LED Drivers Plastic case, metal case, many power levels and types available, multi-dimming function, wireless IoT solutions. Dowload brochure for our DESIGN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM We use software programs such as ZEMAX and CODE V for optical system design including lighting and illumination systems. We have the expertise to simulate a series of cascaded optical components and their resulting illumination distribution, beam angles...etc. Whether your application is free space optics like automotive lighting or lighting for buildings; or guided optics such as waveguides, fiber optic ....etc., we have the expertise in optical design to optimize the distribution of illumination density and save you energy, obtain the desired spectral output, diffuse lighting characterisics....etc. We have designed and manufactured products such as a motorcycle headlamps, taillights, visible wavelength prism and lens assemblies for liquid level sensors....etc. Depending on your needs and budget we can design and assemble lighting and illumination systems from off-the-shelf components as well as custom design & manufacture them. With the deepening energy crisis, households and corporations have started implementing energy saving strategies and products to their daily lives. Lighting is one of the major areas where energy consumption can be dramatically reduced. As we know, traditional filament based lightbulbs consume a lot of energy. The fluorescent lights consume significantly less and the LED (Light Emitting Diodes) consume even less, down to about only 15% of the energy classical light bulbs consume for providing the same amount of illumination. This means LEDs consume only a fraction ! LEDs of SMD type can also be assembled very economically, reliably and with improved modern look. We can attach desired quantity of LED chips on your special design lighting & illumination systems and can custom manufacture the glass housing, panels and other components for you. Besides energy conservation, the aesthetics of your lighting system can play an important role. In some applications, special materials are needed to minimize or avoid corrosion and damage to your lighting systems, such as the case on boats and ships being adversely influenced by salty seawater droplets that can corrode your equipment and result in malfunctioning or unaesthetic appearance over time. So whether you are developing a spotlight system, emergency lighting systems, automotive lighting systems, ornamental or architectural lighting systems, lighting and illumination instrument for a biolab or else, contact us for our opinion. We may very likely be able to offer you something that will enhance your project, add to the functionality, aesthetics, reliability and reduce your cost. More on our engineering and research & development capabilities can be found at our engineering site http://www.ags-engineering.com КЛИКНЕТЕ Услуга за пронаоѓање на производи-локатор ПРЕТХОДНА СТРАНИЦА

Micro-Optics, Micro-Optical, Microoptical, Wafer Level Optics, Gratings, Fresnel Lenses, Lens Array, Micromirrors, Micro Reflectors, Collimators, Aspheres, LED Производство на микро-оптика One of the fields in microfabrication we are involved in is MICRO-OPTICS MANUFACTURING. Micro-optics allows the manipulation of light and the management of photons with micron and sub-micron scale structures and components. Some applications of MICRO-OPTICAL COMPONENTS and SUBSYSTEMS are: Information technology: In micro-displays, micro-projectors, optical data storage, micro-cameras, scanners, printers, copiers…etc. Biomedicine: Minimally-invasive/point of care diagnostics, treatment monitoring, micro-imaging sensors, retinal implants, micro-endoscopes. Lighting: Systems based on LEDs and other efficient light sources Safety and Security Systems: Infrared night vision systems for automotive applications, optical fingerprint sensors, retinal scanners. Optical Communication & Telecommunication: In photonic switches, passive fiber optic components, optical amplifiers, mainframe and personal computer interconnect systems Smart structures: In optical fiber-based sensing systems and much more The types of micro-optical components and subsystems we manufacture and supply are: - Wafer Level Optics - Refractive Optics - Diffractive Optics - Filters - Gratings - Computer Generated Holograms - Hybrid Microoptical Components - Infrared Micro-Optics - Polymer Micro-Optics - Optical MEMS - Monolithically and Discretely Integrated Micro-Optic Systems Some of our most widely used micro-optical products are: - Bi-convex and plano-convex lenses - Achromat lenses - Ball lenses - Vortex Lenses - Fresnel Lenses - Multifocal Lens - Cylindrical Lenses - Graded Index (GRIN) Lenses - Micro-Optical Prisms - Aspheres - Arrays of Aspheres - Collimators - Micro-Lens Arrays - Diffraction Gratings - Wire-Grid Polarizers - Micro-Optic Digital Filters - Pulse Compression Gratings - LED Modules - Beam Shapers - Beam Sampler - Ring Generator - Micro-Optical Homogenizers / Diffusers - Multispot Beam Splitters - Dual Wavelength Beam Combiners - Micro-Optical Interconnects - Intelligent Micro-Optics Systems - Imaging Microlenses - Micromirrors - Micro Reflectors - Micro-Optical Windows - Dielectric Mask - Iris Diaphragms Let us provide you some basic information about these micro-optical products and their applications: BALL LENSES: Ball lenses are completely spherical micro-optic lenses most commonly used to couple light in and out of fibers. We supply a range of micro-optic stock ball lenses and can manufacture also to your own specifications. Our stock ball lenses from quartz have excellent UV and IR transmission between 185nm to >2000nm, and our sapphire lenses have a higher refractive index, allowing a very short focal length for excellent fiber coupling. Micro-optical ball lenses from other materials and diameters are available. Besides fiber coupling applications, micro-optical ball lenses are used as objective lenses in endoscopy, laser measurement systems and bar-code scanning. On the other hand, micro-optic half ball lenses offer uniform dispersion of light and are widely used in LED displays and traffic lights. MICRO-OPTICAL ASPHERES and ARRAYS: Aspheric surfaces have a non-spherical profile. Use of aspheres can reduce the number of optics required to reach a desired optical performance. Popular applications for micro-optical lens arrays with spherical or aspherical curvature are imaging and illumination and the effective collimation of laser light. Substitution of a single aspheric microlens array for a complex multilens system results not only in smaller size, lighter weight, compact geometry, and lower cost of an optical system, but also in significant improvement of its optical performance such as better imaging quality. However, the fabrication of aspheric microlenses and microlens arrays is challenging, because conventional technologies used for macro-sized aspheres like single-point diamond milling and thermal reflow are not capable of defining a complicated micro-optic lens profile in an area as small as several to tens of micrometers. We possess the know-how of producing such micro-optical structures using advanced techniques such as femtosecond lasers. MICRO-OPTICAL ACHROMAT LENSES: These lenses are ideal for applications requiring color correction, while aspheric lenses are designed to correct spherical aberration. An achromatic lens or achromat is a lens that is designed to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration. Micro-optical achromatic lenses make corrections to bring two wavelengths (such as red and blue colors) into focus on the same plane. CYLINDRICAL LENSES: These lenses focus light into a line instead of a point, as a spherical lens would. The curved face or faces of a cylindrical lens are sections of a cylinder, and focus the image passing through it into a line parallel to the intersection of the surface of the lens and a plane tangent to it. The cylindrical lens compresses the image in the direction perpendicular to this line, and leaves it unaltered in the direction parallel to it (in the tangent plane). Tiny micro-optical versions are available which are suitable for use in micro optical environments, requiring compact-size fiber optical components, laser systems, and micro-optical devices. MICRO-OPTICAL WINDOWS and FLATS: Milimetric micro-optical windows meeting tight tolerance requirements are available. We can custom manufacture them to your specifications from any of the optical grade glasses. We offer a variety of micro-optical windows made of different materials such as fused silica, BK7, sapphire, zinc sulphide….etc. with transmission from UV to middle IR range. IMAGING MICROLENSES: Microlenses are small lenses, generally with a diameter less than a millimetre (mm) and as small as 10 micrometres. Imaging Lenses are used to view objects in imaging systems. Imaging Lenses are used in imaging systems to focus an image of an examined object onto a camera sensor. Depending on the lens, imaging lenses can be used to remove parallax or perspective error. They can also offer adjustable magnifications, field of views, and focal lengths. These lenses allow an object to be viewed in several ways to illustrate certain features or characteristics that may be desirable in certain applications. MICROMIRRORS: Micromirror devices are based on microscopically small mirrors. The mirrors are Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The states of these micro-optical devices are controlled by applying a voltage between the two electrodes around the mirror arrays. Digital micromirror devices are used in video projectors and optics and micromirror devices are used for light deflection and control. MICRO-OPTIC COLLIMATORS & COLLIMATOR ARRAYS: A variety of micro-optical collimators are available off-the-shelf. Micro-optical small beam collimators for demanding applications are produced using laser fusion technology. The fiber end is directly fused to the optical center of the lens, thereby eliminated epoxy within the optical path. The micro-optic collimator lens surface is then laser polished to within a millionth of an inch of the ideal shape. Small Beam collimators produce collimated beams with beam waists under a millimeter. Micro-optical small beam collimators are typically used at 1064, 1310 or 1550 nm wavelengths. GRIN lens based micro-optic collimators are also available as well as collimator array and collimator fiber array assemblies. MICRO-OPTICAL FRESNEL LENSES: A Fresnel lens is a type of compact lens designed to allow the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, sometimes taking the form of a flat sheet. A Fresnel lens can capture more oblique light from a light source, thus allowing the light to be visible over greater distances. The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections. In each section, the overall thickness is decreased compared to an equivalent simple lens. This can be viewed as dividing the continuous surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature, with stepwise discontinuities between them. Micro-optic Fresnel lenses focus light by refraction in a set of concentric curved surfaces. These lenses can be made very thin and lightweight. Micro-optical Fresnel lenses offer opportunities in optics for highresolution Xray applications, throughwafer optical interconnection capabilities. We have a number of fabrication methods including micromolding and micromachining to manufacture micro-optical Fresnel lenses and arrays specifically for your applications. We can design a positive Fresnel lens as a collimator, collector or with two finite conjugates. Micro-Optical Fresnel lenses are usually corrected for spherical aberrations. Micro-optic positive lenses can be metalized for use as a second surface reflector and negative lenses can be metalized for use as a first surface reflector. MICRO-OPTICAL PRISMS: Our line of precision micro-optics includes standard coated and uncoated micro prisms. They are suitable for use with laser sources and imaging applications. Our micro-optical prisms have submilimeter dimensions. Our coated micro-optical prisms can also be used as mirror reflectors with respect to incoming light. Uncoated prisms act as mirrors for light incident on one of the short sides since incident light is totally internally reflected at the hypotenuse. Examples of our micro-optical prism capabilities include right angle prisms, beamsplitter cube assemblies, Amici prisms, K-prisms, Dove prisms, Roof prisms, Cornercubes, Pentaprisms, Rhomboid prisms, Bauernfeind prisms, Dispersing prisms, Reflecting prisms. We also offer light guiding and de-glaring optical micro-prisms made from acrylic, polycarbonate and other plastic materials by hot embossing manufacturing process for applications in lamps and luminaries, LEDs. They are highly efficient, strong light guiding precise prism surfaces, support luminaries to fulfill office regulations for de-glaring. Additional customized prism structures are possible. Microprisms and microprism arrays on wafer level are also possible using microfabrication techniques. DIFFRACTION GRATINGS: We offer design and manufacture of diffractive micro-optical elements (DOEs). A diffraction grating is an optical component with a periodic structure, which splits and diffracts light into several beams travelling in different directions. The directions of these beams depend on the spacing of the grating and the wavelength of the light so that the grating acts as the dispersive element. This makes grating a suitable element to be used in monochromators and spectrometers. Using wafer-based lithography, we produce diffractive micro-optical elements with exceptional thermal, mechanical and optical performance characteristics. Wafer-level processing of micro-optics provides excellent manufacturing repeatability and economic output. Some of the available materials for diffractive micro-optical elements are crystal-quartz, fused-silica, glass, silicon and synthetic substrates. Diffraction gratings are useful in applications such as spectral analysis / spectroscopy, MUX/DEMUX/DWDM, precision motion control such as in optical encoders. Lithography techniques make the fabrication of precision micro-optical gratings with tightly-controlled groove spacings possible. AGS-TECH offers both custom and stock designs. VORTEX LENSES: In laser applications there is a need to convert a Gaussian beam to a donut-shaped energy ring. This is achieved using Vortex lenses. Some applications are in lithography and high-resolution microscopy. Polymer on glass Vortex phase plates are also available. MICRO-OPTICAL HOMOGENIZERS / DIFFUSERS: A variety of technologies are used to fabricate our micro-optical homogenizers and diffusers, including embossing, engineered diffuser films, etched diffusers, HiLAM diffusers. Laser Speckle is the optical phenomena resulting from the random interference of coherent light. This phenomenon is utilized to measure the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of detector arrays. Microlens diffusers are shown to be efficient micro-optic devices for speckle generation. BEAM SHAPERS: A micro-optic beam shaper is an optic or a set of optics that transforms both the intensity distribution and the spatial shape of a laser beam to something more desirable for a given application. Frequently, a Gaussian-like or non-uniform laser beam is transformed to a flat top beam. Beam shaper micro-optics are used to shape and manipulate single mode and multi-mode laser beams. Our beam shaper micro-optics provide circular, square, rectilinear, hexagonal or line shapes, and homogenize the beam (flat top) or provide a custom intensity pattern according to the requirements of the application. Refractive, diffractive and reflective micro-optical elements for laser beam shaping and homogenizing have been manufactured. Multifunctional micro-optical elements are used for shaping arbitrary laser beam profiles into a variety of geometries like, a homogeneous spot array or line pattern, a laser light sheet or flat-top intensity profiles. Fine beam application examples are cutting and keyhole welding. Broad beam application examples are conduction welding, brazing, soldering, heat treatment, thin film ablation, laser peening. PULSE COMPRESSION GRATINGS: Pulse compression is a useful technique that takes advantage of the relationship between pulse duration and spectral width of a pulse. This enables the amplification of laser pulses above the normal damage threshold limits imposed by the optical components in the laser system. There are linear and nonlinear techniques for reducing the durations of optical pulses. There is variety of methods for temporally compressing / shortening optical pulses, i.e., reducing the pulse duration. These methods generally start in the picosecond or femtosecond region, i.e. already in the regime of ultrashort pulses. MULTISPOT BEAM SPLITTERS: Beam splitting by means of diffractive elements is desirable when one element is required to produce several beams or when very exact optical power separation is required. Precise positioning can also be achieved, for example, to create holes at clearly defined and accurate distances. We have Multi-Spot Elements, Beam Sampler Elements, Multi-Focus Element. Using a diffractive element, collimated incident beams are split into several beams. These optical beams have equal intensity and equal angle to one another. We have both one-dimensional and two-dimensional elements. 1D elements split beams along a straight line whereas 2D elements produce beams arranged in a matrix of, for example, 2 x 2 or 3 x 3 spots and elements with spots that are arranged hexagonally. Micro-optical versions are available. BEAM SAMPLER ELEMENTS: These elements are gratings that are used for inline monitoring of high power lasers. The ± first diffraction order can be used for beam measurements. Their intensity is significantly lower than that of the main beam and can be custom designed. Higher diffraction orders can also be used for measurement with even lower intensity. Variations in intensity and changes in the beam profile of high power lasers can be reliably monitored inline using this method. MULTI-FOCUS ELEMENTS: With this diffractive element several focal points can be created along the optical axis. These optical elements are used in sensors, ophthalmology, material processing. Micro-optical versions are available. MICRO-OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS: Optical interconnects have been replacing electrical copper wires at the different levels in the interconnect hierarchy. One of the possibilities to bring the advantages of micro-optics telecommunications to the computer backplane, the printed circuit board, the inter-chip and on-chip interconnect level, is to use free-space micro-optical interconnect modules made of plastic. These modules are capable of carrying high aggregate communication bandwidth through thousands of point-to-point optical links on a footprint of a square centimeter. Contact us for off-shelf as well as custom tailored micro-optical interconnects for computer backplane, the printed circuit board, the inter-chip and on-chip interconnect levels. INTELLIGENT MICRO-OPTICS SYSTEMS: Intelligent micro-optic light modules are used in smart phones and smart devices for LED flash applications, in optical interconnects for transporting data in supercomputers and telecommunications equipment, as miniaturized solutions for near-infrared beam shaping, detection in gaming applications and for supporting gesture control in natural user interfaces. Sensing opto-electronic modules are used for a number of product applications such as ambient light and proximity sensors in smart phones. Intelligent imaging micro-optic systems are used for primary and front-facing cameras. We offer also customized intelligent micro-optical systems with high performance and manufacturability. LED MODULES: You can find our LED chips, dies and modules on our page Lighting & Illumination Components Manufacturing by clicking here. WIRE-GRID POLARIZERS: These consist of a regular array of fine parallel metallic wires, placed in a plane perpendicular to the incident beam. The polarization direction is perpendicular to the wires. Patterned polarizers have applications in polarimetry, interferometry, 3D displays, and optical data storage. Wire-grid polarizers are extensively used in infrared applications. On the other hand micropatterned wire-grid polarizers have limited spatial resolution and poor performance at visible wavelengths, are susceptible to defects and cannot be easily extended to non-linear polarizations. Pixelated polarizers use an array of micro-patterned nanowire grids. The pixelated micro-optical polarizers can be aligned with cameras, plane arrays, interferometers, and microbolometers without the need for mechanical polarizer switches. Vibrant images distinguishing between multiple polarizations across the visible and IR wavelengths can be captured simultaneously in real-time enabling fast, high resolution images. Pixelated micro-optical polarizers also enable clear 2D and 3D images even in low-light conditions. We offer patterned polarizers for two, three and four-state imaging devices. Micro-optical versions are available. GRADED INDEX (GRIN) LENSES: Gradual variation of the refractive index (n) of a material can be used to produce lenses with flat surfaces, or lenses that do not have the aberrations typically observed with traditional spherical lenses. Gradient-index (GRIN) lenses may have a refraction gradient that is spherical, axial, or radial. Very small micro-optical versions are available. MICRO-OPTIC DIGITAL FILTERS: Digital neutral density filters are used to control the intensity profiles of illumination and projection systems. These micro-optic filters contain well-defined metal absorber micro-structures that are randomly distributed on a fused silica substrate. Properties of these micro-optical components are high accuracy, large clear aperture, high damage threshold, broadband attenuation for DUV to IR wavelengths, well defined one or two dimensional transmission profiles. Some applications are soft edge apertures, precise correction of intensity profiles in illumination or projection systems, variable attenuation filters for high-power lamps and expanded laser beams. We can customize the density and size of the structures to meet precisely the transmission profiles required by the application. MULTI-WAVELENGTH BEAM COMBINERS: Multi-Wavelength beam combiners combine two LED collimators of different wavelengths into a single collimated beam. Multiple combiners can be cascaded to combine more than two LED collimator sources. Beam combiners are made of high-performance dichroic beam splitters that combine two wavelengths with >95% efficiency. Very small micro-optic versions are available. КЛИКНЕТЕ Услуга за пронаоѓање на производи-локатор ПРЕТХОДНА СТРАНИЦА

Thermal Infrared Test Equipment, Thermal Camera, Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer, Thermo Mechanical Analyzer, Dynamic Mechanical Термичка и IR тест опрема КЛИКНЕТЕ Услуга за пронаоѓање на производи-локатор Among the many THERMAL ANALYSIS EQUIPMENT, we focus our attention to the popular ones in industry, namely the DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY ( DSC ), THERMO-GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS ( TGA ), THERMO-MECHANICAL ANALYSIS ( TMA ), DILATOMETRY,DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS ( DMA ), DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS ( DTA). Our INFRARED TEST EQUIPMENT involves THERMAL IMAGING INSTRUMENTS, INFRARED THERMOGRAPHERS, INFRARED CAMERAS. Some applications for our thermal imaging instruments are Electrical and Mechanical System Inspection, Electronic Component Inspection, Corrosion Damage and Metal Thinning, Flaw Detection. Please download catalogs from colored links below and let us know your prefered brand and model number of the product. You can purchase brand new or refurbished / used Thermal & IR Test Equipment from us: FLUKE Test Tools Catalog (includes Thermal Imagers, Thermometers) HAIDA Color Assessment Cabinet Private Label Hand Tools for Every Industry (This catalog contains a few thermal & IR test instruments. We can private label these hand tools if you wish. In other words, we can put your company name, brand and label on them. This way you can promote your brand by reselling these to your customers.) DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETERS (DSC) : A technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. The temperature program for a DSC analysis is established so that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample has a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. DSC experiments provide as a result a curve of heat flux versus temperature or versus time. Differential scanning calorimeters are frequently used to study what happens to polymers when they're heated. The thermal transitions of a polymer can be studied using this technique. Thermal transitions are changes that take place in a polymer when they are heated. The melting of a crystalline polymer is an example. The glass transition is also a thermal transition. DSC thermal analysis is carried out for determining Thermal Phase Changes, Thermal Glass Transition Temperature (Tg), Crystalline Melt Temperatures, Endothermic Effects, Exothermic Effects, Thermal Stabilities, Thermal Formulation Stabilities, Oxidative Stabilities, Transition Phenomena, Solid State Structures. DSC analysis determines the Tg Glass Transition Temperature, temperature at which amorphous polymers or an amorphous part of a crystalline polymer go from a hard brittle state to a soft rubbery state, melting point, temperature at which a crystalline polymer melts, Hm Energy Absorbed (joules/gram), amount of energy a sample absorbs when melting, Tc Crystallization Point, temperature at which a polymer crystallizes upon heating or cooling, Hc Energy Released (joules/gram), amount of energy a sample releases when crystallizing. Differential Scanning Calorimeters can be used to determine the thermal properties of plastics, adhesives, sealants, metal alloys, pharmaceutical materials, waxes, foods, oils and lubricants and catalysts….etc. DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYZERS (DTA): An alternative technique to DSC. In this technique it is the heat flow to the sample and reference that remains the same instead of the temperature. When the sample and reference are heated identically, phase changes and other thermal processes cause a difference in temperature between the sample and reference. DSC measures the energy required to keep both the reference and the sample at the same temperature whereas DTA measures the difference in temperature between the sample and the reference when they are both put under the same heat. So they are similar techniques. THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYZER (TMA) : The TMA reveals the change in the dimensions of a sample as a function of temperature. One can regard TMA as a very sensitive micrometer. The TMA is a device that allows precise measurements of position and can be calibrated against known standards. A temperature control system consisting of a furnace, heat sink and a thermocouple surrounds the samples. Quartz, invar or ceramic fixtures hold the samples during tests. TMA measurements record changes caused by changes in the free volume of a polymer. Changes in free volume are volumetric changes in the polymer caused by the absorption or release of heat associated with that change; the loss of stiffness; increased flow; or by the change in relaxation time. The free volume of a polymer is known to be related to viscoelasticity, aging, penetration by solvents, and impact properties. The glass transition temperature Tg in a polymer corresponds to the expansion of the free volume allowing greater chain mobility above this transition. Seen as an inflection or bending in the thermal expansion curve, this change in the TMA can be seen to cover a range of temperatures. The glass transition temperature Tg is calculated by an agreed upon method. Perfect agreement is not immediately witnessed in the value of the Tg when comparing different methods, however if we carefully examine the agreed upon methods in determining the Tg values then we understand that there is actually good agreement. Besides its absolute value, the width of the Tg is also an indicator of changes in the material. TMA is a relatively simple technique to carry out. TMA is often used for measuring Tg of materials such as highly cross-linked thermoset polymers for which the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) is difficult to use. In addition to Tg, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is obtained from thermomechanical analysis. The CTE is calculated from the linear sections of the TMA curves. Another useful result the TMA can provide us is finding out the orientation of crystals or fibers. Composite materials may have three distinct thermal expansion coefficients in the x, y and z directions. By recording the CTE in x, y and z directions one may understand in which direction fibers or crystals are predominantly oriented. To measure the bulk expansion of the material a technique called DILATOMETRY can be used. The sample is immersed in a fluid such as silicon oil or Al2O3 powder in the dilatometer, run thru the temperature cycle and the expansions in all directions are converted to a vertical movement, which is measured by the TMA. Modern thermomechanical analyzers make this easy for users. If a pure liquid is used, the dilatometer is filled with that liquid instead of the silicon oil or alumina oxide. Using diamond TMA the users can run stress strain curves, stress relaxation experiments, creep-recovery and dynamic mechanical temperature scans. The TMA is an indispensible test equipment for industry and research. THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYZERS ( TGA ) : Thermogravimetric Analysis is a technique where the mass of a substance or specimen is monitored as a function of temperature or time. The sample specimen is subjected to a controlled temperature program in a controlled atmosphere. The TGA measures a sample’s weight as it is heated or cooled in its furnace. A TGA instrument consists of a sample pan that is supported by a precision balance. That pan resides in a furnace and is heated or cooled during the test. The mass of the sample is monitored during the test. Sample environment is purged with an inert or a reactive gas. Thermogravimetric analyzers can quantify loss of water, solvent, plasticizer, decarboxylation, pyrolysis, oxidation, decomposition, weight % filler material, and weight % ash. Depending on the case, information may be obtained upon heating or cooling. A typical TGA thermal curve is displayed from left to right. If the TGA thermal curve descends, it indicates a weight loss. Modern TGAs are capable of conducting isothermal experiments. Sometimes the user may want to use a reactive sample purge gases, such as oxygen. When using oxygen as a purge gas user may want to switch gases from nitrogen to oxygen during the experiment. This technique is frequently used to identify the percent carbon in a material. Thermogravimetric analyzer can be used to compare two similar products, as a quality control tool to ensure products meet their material specifications, to ensure products meet safety standards, to determine carbon content, identifying counterfeit products, to identify safe operating temperatures in various gases, to enhance product formulation processes, to reverse engineer a product. Finally it is worth mentioning that combinations of a TGA with a GC/MS are available. GC is short for Gas Chromatography and MS is short for Mass Spectrometry. DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYZER ( DMA) : This is a technique where a small sinusoidal deformation is applied to a sample of known geometry in a cyclic manner. The materials response to stress, temperature, frequency and other values is then studied. The sample can be subjected to a controlled stress or a controlled strain. For a known stress, the sample will deform a certain amount, depending on its stiffness. DMA measures stiffness and damping, these are reported as modulus and tan delta. Because we are applying a sinusoidal force, we can express the modulus as an in-phase component (the storage modulus), and an out of phase component (the loss modulus). The storage modulus, either E’ or G’, is the measure of the sample’s elastic behavior. The ratio of the loss to the storage is the tan delta and is called damping. It is considered a measure of the energy dissipation of a material. Damping varies with the state of the material, its temperature, and with the frequency. DMA is sometimes called DMTA standing for DYNAMIC MECHANICAL THERMAL ANALYZER. Thermomechanical Analysis applies a constant static force to a material and records the material dimensional changes as temperature or time varies. The DMA on the other hand, applies an oscillatory force at a set frequency to the sample and reports changes in stiffness and damping. DMA data provides us modulus information whereas the TMA data gives us the coefficient of thermal expansion. Both techniques detect transitions, but DMA is much more sensitive. Modulus values change with temperature and transitions in materials can be seen as changes in the E’ or tan delta curves. This includes glass transition, melting and other transitions that occur in the glassy or rubbery plateau which are indicators of subtle changes in the material. THERMAL IMAGING INSTRUMENTS, INFRARED THERMOGRAPHERS, INFRARED CAMERAS : These are devices that form an image using infrared radiation. Standard everyday cameras form images using visible light in the 450–750 nanometer wavelength range. Infrared cameras however operate in the infrared wavelength range as long as 14,000 nm. Generally, the higher an object's temperature, the more infrared radiation is emitted as black-body radiation. Infrared cameras work even in total darkness. Images from most infrared cameras have a single color channel because the cameras generally use an image sensor that does not distinguish different wavelengths of infrared radiation. To differentiate wavelengths color image sensors require a complex construction. In some test instruments these monochromatic images are displayed in pseudo-color, where changes in color are used rather than changes in intensity to display changes in the signal. The brightest (warmest) parts of images are customarily colored white, intermediate temperatures are colored red and yellow, and the dimmest (coolest) parts are colored black. A scale is generally shown next to a false color image to relate colors to temperatures. Thermal cameras have resolutions considerably lower than that of optical cameras, with values in the neighborhood of 160 x 120 or 320 x 240 pixels. More expensive infrared cameras can achieve a resolution of 1280 x 1024 pixels. There are two main categories of thermographic cameras: COOLED INFRARED IMAGE DETECTOR SYSTEMS and UNCOOLED INFRARED IMAGE DETECTOR SYSTEMS. Cooled thermographic cameras have detectors contained in a vacuum-sealed case and are cryogenically cooled. The cooling is necessary for the operation of the semiconductor materials used. Without cooling, these sensors would be flooded by their own radiation. Cooled infrared cameras are however expensive. Cooling requires much energy and is time-consuming, requiring several minutes of cooling time prior to working. Although the cooling apparatus is bulky and expensive, cooled infrared cameras offer users superior image quality compared to uncooled cameras. The better sensitivity of cooled cameras allows the use of lenses with higher focal length. Bottled nitrogen gas can be used for cooling. Uncooled thermal cameras use sensors operating at ambient temperature, or sensors stabilized at a temperature close to ambient using temperature control elements. Uncooled infrared sensors are not cooled to low temperatures and therefore do not require bulky and expensive cryogenic coolers. Their resolution and image quality however is lower as compared to cooled detectors. Thermographic cameras offer many opportunities. Overheating spots is power lines can be located and repaired. Electric circuitry can be observed and unusually hot spots can indicate problems such as short circuit. These cameras are also widely used in buildings and energy systems to locate places where there is significant heat loss so that better heat insulation can be considered at those points. Thermal imaging instruments serve as non-destructive test equipment. For details and other similar equipment, please visit our equipment website: http://www.sourceindustrialsupply.com ПРЕТХОДНА СТРАНИЦА

Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuators - Accumulators - AGS-TECH Inc. - NM Активатори Акумулатори AGS-TECH is a leading manufacturer and supplier of PNEUMATIC and HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS for assembly, packaging, robotics, and industrial automation. Our actuators are known for performance, flexibility, and extremely long life, and welcome the challenge of many different types of operating environments. We also supply HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATORS which are devices in which potential energy is stored in the form of a compressed gas or spring, or by a raised weight to be used to exert a force against a relatively incompressible fluid. Our fast delivery of pneumatic and hydraulic actuators and accumulators will reduce your inventory costs and keep your production schedule on track. ACTUATORS: An actuator is a type of motor responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. Actuators are operated by a source of energy. Hydraulic actuators are operated by hydraulic fluid pressure, and pneumatic actuators are operated by pneumatic pressure, and convert that energy into motion. Actuators are mechanisms by which a control system acts upon an environment. The control system may be a fixed mechanical or electronic system, a software-based system, a person, or any other input. Hydraulic actuators consist of cylinder or fluid motor that uses hydraulic power to facilitate mechanical operation. The mechanical motion may give an output in terms of linear, rotary or oscillatory motion. Since liquids are nearly impossible to compress, hydraulic actuators can exert considerable forces. Hydraulic actuators may have however limited acceleration. The actuator’s hydraulic cylinder consists of a hollow cylindrical tube along which a piston can slide. In single acting hydraulic actuators the fluid pressure is applied to just one side of the piston. The piston can move in only one direction, and a spring is generally used to give the piston a return stroke. Double acting actuators are used when pressure is applied on each side of the piston; any difference in pressure between the two sides of the piston moves the piston to one side or the other. Pneumatic actuators convert energy formed by vacuum or compressed air at high pressure into either linear or rotary motion. Pneumatic actuators enable large forces to be produced from relatively small pressure changes. These forces are often used with valves to move diaphragms to affect the flow of liquid through the valve. Pneumatic energy is desirable because it can respond quickly in starting and stopping as the power source does not need to be stored in reserve for operation. Industrial applications of actuators include automation, logic and sequence control, holding fixtures, and high-power motion control. Automotive applications of actuators on the other hand include power steering, power brakes, hydraulic brakes, and ventilation controls. Aerospace applications of actuators include flight-control systems, steering-control systems, air conditioning, and brake-control systems. COMPARING PNEUMATIC and HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS: Pneumatic linear actuators consist of a piston inside a hollow cylinder. Pressure from an external compressor or manual pump moves the piston inside the cylinder. As pressure is increased, the actuator’s cylinder moves along the axis of the piston, creating a linear force. The piston returns to its original position by either a spring-back force or fluid being supplied to the other side of the piston. Hydraulic linear actuators function similar to pneumatic actuators, but an incompressible liquid from a pump rather than pressurized air moves the cylinder. The benefits of pneumatic actuators come from their simplicity. The majority of pneumatic aluminum actuators have a maximum pressure rating of 150 psi with bore sizes ranging from 1/2 to 8 in., which can be converted into approximately 30 to 7,500 lb. of force. Steel pneumatic actuators on the other hand have a maximum pressure rating of 250 psi with bore sizes ranging from 1/2 to 14 in., and generate forces ranging from 50 to 38,465 lb. Pneumatic actuators generate precise linear motion by providing accuracies such as 0.1 inches and repeatabilities within .001 inches. Typical applications of pneumatic actuators are areas of extreme temperatures such as -40 F to 250 F. Using air, pneumatic actuators avoid using hazardous materials. Pneumatic actuators meet explosion protection and machine safety requirements because they create no magnetic interference due to their lack of motors. The cost of pneumatic actuators is low compared to hydraulic actuators. Pneumatic actuators are also lightweight, require minimal maintenance, and have durable components. On the other hand there are disadvantages of pneumatic actuators: Pressure losses and air’s compressibility make pneumatics less efficient than other linear-motion methods. Operations at lower pressures will have lower forces and slower speeds. A compressor must run continuously and apply pressure even if nothing is moving. To be efficient, pneumatic actuators must be sized for a specific job and cannot be used for other applications. Accurate control and efficiency requires proportional regulators and valves, which is costly and complex. Even though the air is easily available, it can be contaminated by oil or lubrication, leading to downtime and maintenance. Compressed air is a consumable that needs to be purchased. Hydraulic actuators on the other hand are rugged and suited for high-force applications. They can produce forces 25 times greater than pneumatic actuators of equal size and operate with pressures of up to 4,000 psi. Hydraulic motors have high horsepower-to-weight ratios by 1 to 2 hp/lb greater than a pneumatic motor. Hydraulic actuators can hold force and torque constant without the pump supplying more fluid or pressure, because fluids are incompressible. Hydraulic actuators can have their pumps and motors located a considerable distance away with still minimal power losses. However hydraulics will leak fluid and result in less efficiency. Hydraulic fluid leaks lead to cleanliness problems and potential damage to surrounding components and areas. Hydraulic actuators require many companion parts, such as fluid reservoirs, motors, pumps, release valves, and heat exchangers, noise-reduction equipment. As a result hydraulic linear motion systems are large and difficult to accommodate. ACCUMULATORS: These are used in fluid power systems to accumulate energy and to smooth out pulsations. Hydraulic system that utilize accumulators can use smaller fluid pumps because accumulators store energy from the pump during low demand periods. This energy is available for instantaneous use, released upon demand at a rate many times greater than could be supplied by the pump alone. Accumulators can also act as surge or pulsation absorbers by cushioning hydraulic hammers, reducing shocks caused by rapid operation or sudden starting and stopping of power cylinders in a hydraulic circuit. There are four major types of accumulators: 1.) The weight loaded piston type accumulators, 2.) Diaphragm type accumulators, 3.) Spring type accumulators and the 4.) Hydropneumatic piston type accumulators. The weight loaded type is much larger and heavier for its capacity than modern piston and bladder types. Both the weight loaded type, and mechanical spring type are very seldom used today. The hydro-pneumatic type accumulators use a gas as a spring cushion in conjunction with a hydraulic fluid, the gas and fluid being separated by a thin diaphragm or a piston. Accumulators have the following functions: -Energy Storage -Absorbing Pulsations -Cushioning Operating Shocks -Supplementing Pump Delivery -Maintaining Pressure -Acting as Dispensers Hydro-pneumatic accumulators incorporate a gas in conjunction with a hydraulic fluid. The fluid has little dynamic power storage capability. However, the relative incompressibility of a hydraulic fluid makes it ideal for fluid power systems and provides quick response to power demand. The gas, on the other hand, a partner to the hydraulic fluid in the accumulator, can be compressed to high pressures and low volumes. Potential energy is stored in the compressed gas to be released when needed. In the piston type accumulators the energy in the compressed gas exerts pressure against the piston separating the gas and the hydraulic fluid. The piston in turn forces the fluid from the cylinder into the system and to the location where useful work needs to be accomplished. In most fluid power applications, pumps are used to generate the required power to be used or stored in a hydraulic system, and pumps deliver this power in a pulsating flow. The piston pump, as commonly used for higher pressures produces pulsations detrimental to a high pressure system. An accumulator properly located in the system will substantially cushion these pressure variations. In many fluid power applications the driven member of the hydraulic system stops suddenly, creating a pressure wave which is sent back through the system. This shock wave can develop peak pressures several times greater than normal working pressures and can be the source of system failure or disturbing noise. The gas cushioning effect in an accumulator will minimize these shock waves. An example of this application is the absorption of shock caused by suddenly stopping the loading bucket on a hydraulic front end loader. An accumulator, capable of storing power, can supplement the fluid pump in delivering power to the system. The pump stores potential energy in the accumulator during idle periods of the work cycle, and the accumulator transfers this reserve power back to the system when the cycle requires emergency or peak power. This enables a system to utilize smaller pumps, resulting in cost and power savings. Pressure changes are observed in hydraulic systems when the liquid is subjected to rising or falling temperatures. Also, there may be pressure drops due to leakage of hydraulic fluids. Accumulators compensate for such pressure changes by delivering or receiving a small amount of hydraulic liquid. In the event the main power source should fail or be stopped, accumulators would act as auxiliary power sources, maintaining pressure in the system. Lastly, accumulators mcan be used to dispense fluids under pressure, such as lubricating oils. Please click on highlighted text below to download our product brochures for actuators and accumulators: - Pneumatic Cylinders - YC Series Hydraulic Cyclinder - Accumulators from AGS-TECH Inc КЛИКНЕТЕ Услуга за пронаоѓање на производи-локатор ПРЕТХОДНА СТРАНИЦА

Embedded Systems, Embedded Computer, Industrial Computers, Janz Tec, Korenix, Industrial Workstations, Servers, Computer Rack, Single Board Computer Вградени системи и индустриски компјутери и панел компјутер Прочитај повеќе Вградени системи и компјутери Прочитај повеќе Панелен компјутер, дисплеи со повеќе допир, екрани на допир Прочитај повеќе Индустриски компјутер Прочитај повеќе Индустриски работни станици Прочитај повеќе Опрема за вмрежување, мрежни уреди, средни системи, единица за меѓусебно работење Прочитај повеќе Уреди за складирање, низи на дискови и системи за складирање, SAN, NAS Прочитај повеќе Индустриски сервери Прочитај повеќе Шасии, лавици, држачи за индустриски компјутери Прочитај повеќе Додатоци, модули, табли за носачи за индустриски компјутери Прочитај повеќе Автоматизација и интелигентни системи Како добавувач на индустриски производи, ние ви нудиме некои од најнезаменливите индустриски компјутери и сервери и уреди за вмрежување и складирање, вградени компјутери и системи, компјутери со една плоча, панел компјутер, индустриски компјутер, груб компјутер, компјутери со екран на допир, индустриска работна станица, индустриски компјутер компоненти и додатоци, дигитални и аналогни I/O уреди, рутери, мост, преклопна опрема, центар, повторувач, прокси, заштитен ѕид, модем, контролер на мрежен интерфејс, протокол конвертор, низи за складирање прикачени на мрежа (NAS), низи за мрежна област за складирање (SAN), повеќеканални релејни модули, Full-CAN контролер за приклучоци за MODULbus, носач на MODULbus, модул за инкрементален енкодер, концепт за интелигентна врска со PLC, контролер на мотори за DC серво мотори, модул за сериски интерфејс, табла за прототип на VMEbus, интелигентен роб интерфејс profibus DP, софтвер, поврзана електроника, шасија-лавици-приклучоци. Ние го носиме најдоброто од светските индустриски компјутерски производи од фабрика до вашата врата. Нашата предност е во тоа што можеме да ви понудиме различни имиња на брендови како што се списоците на Janz Tec и Korenixfor или пониски од нашите продавници. Исто така, она што не прави посебни е нашата способност да ви понудиме варијации на производи / сопствени конфигурации / интеграција со други системи што не можете да ги набавите од други извори. Ви нудиме висококвалитетна опрема со име на брендот по список цена или пониска. Има значителни попусти на објавените цени доколку вашата количина на нарачка е значителна. Поголемиот дел од нашата опрема е на залиха. Ако не е на залиха, бидејќи ние сме претпочитан препродавач и дистрибутер, сепак можеме да ви го доставиме во пократко време на испорака. Покрај залихите, ние сме во состојба да ви понудиме специјални производи дизајнирани и произведени според вашите потреби. Само кажете ни какви разлики ви се потребни на вашиот индустриски компјутерски систем и ние ќе го направиме според вашите потреби и барања. Ви нудиме можност за ПРОИЗВОДСТВО И ИНЖЕНЕРСКА ИНТЕГРАЦИЈА. Ние, исто така, градиме ПРИЛАГОДНИ СИСТЕМИ ЗА АВТОМАЦИЈА, СИСТЕМИ ЗА СЛЕДЕЊЕ и КОНТРОЛА НА ПРОЦЕСИТЕ со интегрирање на компјутери, фази на преведување, ротациони фази, моторизирани компоненти, краци, картички за собирање податоци, картички за контрола на процеси, сензори, актуатори и други хардверски и софтверски компоненти на потреба. Без оглед на вашата локација на земјата, ние испраќаме во рок од неколку дена до вашата врата. Имаме попуст договори за испорака со UPS, FEDEX, TNT, DHL и стандарден воздух. Можете да нарачате онлајн користејќи опции како што се кредитни картички користејќи ја нашата PayPal сметка, жичен трансфер, заверен чек или паричен налог. Ако сакате да разговарате со нас пред да донесете одлука или ако имате какви било прашања, се што ви треба е да ни се јавите и еден од нашите искусни компјутерски инженери и автоматизација ќе ви помогне. За да бидеме поблиску до вас, имаме канцеларии и магацини на различни глобални локации. Кликнете на соодветните подменија погоре за да прочитате повеќе за нашите производи во категоријата индустриски компјутери. Преземете ја брошурата за нашата ПРОГРАМА ЗА ПАРТНЕРСТВО ЗА ДИЗАЈН За подетални информации, исто така ве покануваме да ја посетите нашата продавница за индустриски компјутери http://www.agsindustrialcomputers.com КЛИКНЕТЕ Услуга за пронаоѓање на производи-локатор ПРЕТХОДНА СТРАНИЦА

Nanomanufacturing - Nanoparticles - Nanotubes - Nanocomposites - Nanophase Ceramics - CNT - AGS-TECH Inc. - New Mexico Производство на нано / Nanomanufacturing Our nanometer length scale parts and products are produced using NANOSCALE MANUFACTURING / NANOMANUFACTURING. This area is still in its infancy, but holds great promises for the future. Molecularly engineered devices, medicines, pigments…etc. are being developed and we are working with our partners to stay ahead of the competition. The following are some of the commercially available products we currently offer: CARBON NANOTUBES NANOPARTICLES NANOPHASE CERAMICS CARBON BLACK REINFORCEMENT for rubber and polymers NANOCOMPOSITES in tennis balls, baseball bats, motorcycles and bikes MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES for data storage NANOPARTICLE catalytic converters Nanomaterials may be any one of the four types, namely metals, ceramics, polymers or composites. Generally, NANOSTRUCTURES are less than 100 nanometers. In nanomanufacturing we take one of two approaches. As an example, in our top-down approach we take a silicon wafer, use lithography, wet and dry etching methods to construct tiny microprocessors, sensors, probes. On the other hand, in our bottom-up nanomanufacturing approach we use atoms and molecules to build tiny devices. Some of the physical and chemical characteristics exhibited by matter may experience extreme changes as particle size approaches atomic dimensions. Opaque materials in their macroscopic state may become transparent in their nanoscale. Materials that are chemically stable in macrostate may become combustible in their nanoscale and electrically insulating materials may become conductors. Currently the following are among the commercial products we are able to offer: CARBON NANOTUBE (CNT) DEVICES / NANOTUBES: We can visualize carbon nanotubes as tubular forms of graphite from which nanoscale devices can be constructed. CVD, laser ablation of graphite, carbon-arc discharge can be used to produce carbon nanotube devices. Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) and can be doped with other elements. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 10,000,000 and as high as 40,000,000 and even higher. These cylindrical carbon molecules have properties that make them potentially useful in applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, architecture and other fields of materials science. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Nanotubes and spherical buckyballs are members of the fullerene structural family. The cylindrical nanotube usually has at least one end capped with a hemisphere of the buckyball structure. The name nanotube is derived from its size, since the diameter of a nanotube is in the order of a few nanometers, with lengths of at least several millimeters. The nature of the bonding of a nanotube is described by orbital hybridization. The chemical bonding of nanotubes is composed entirely of sp2 bonds, similar to those of graphite. This bonding structure, is stronger than the sp3 bonds found in diamonds, and provides the molecules with their unique strength. Nanotubes naturally align themselves into ropes held together by Van der Waals forces. Under high pressure, nanotubes can merge together, trading some sp2 bonds for sp3 bonds, giving the possibility of producing strong, unlimited-length wires through high-pressure nanotube linking. The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures. Single-walled nanotubes with tensile strengths between 50 and 200 GPa have been produced, and these values are approximately an order of magnitude greater than for carbon fibers. Elastic modulus values are on the order of 1 Tetrapascal (1000 GPa) with fracture strains between about 5% to 20%. The outstanding mechanical properties of the carbon nanotubes makes us use them in tough clothes and sports gear, combat jackets. Carbon nanotubes have strength comparable to diamond, and they are weaved into clothes to create stab-proof and bulletproof clothing. By cross-linking CNT molecules prior to incorporation in a polymer matrix we can form a super high strength composite material. This CNT composite could have a tensile strength on the order of 20 million psi (138 GPa), revolutionizing engineering design where low weight and high strength is required. Carbon nanotubes reveal also unusual current conduction mechanisms. Depending on the orientation of the hexagonal units in the graphene plane (i.e. tube walls) with the tube axis, the carbon nanotubes may behave either as metals or semiconductors. As conductors, carbon nanotubes have very high electrical current-carrying capability. Some nanotubes may be able to carry current densities over 1000 times that of silver or copper. Carbon nanotubes incorporated into polymers improve their static electricity discharge capability. This has applications in automobile and airplane fuel lines and production of hydrogen storage tanks for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Carbon nanotubes have shown to exhibit strong electron-phonon resonances, which indicate that under certain direct current (DC) bias and doping conditions their current and the average electron velocity, as well as the electron concentration on the tube oscillate at terahertz frequencies. These resonances can be used to make terahertz sources or sensors. Transistors and nanotube integrated memory circuits have been demonstrated. The carbon nanotubes are used as a vessel for transporting drugs into the body. The nanotube allows for the drug dosage to be lowered by localizing its distribution. This is also economically viable due to lower amounts of drugs being used.. The drug can be either attached to the side of the nanotube or trailed behind, or the drug can actually be placed inside the nanotube. Bulk nanotubes are a mass of rather unorganized fragments of nanotubes. Bulk nanotube materials may not reach tensile strengths similar to that of individual tubes, but such composites may nevertheless yield strengths sufficient for many applications. Bulk carbon nanotubes are being used as composite fibers in polymers to improve the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the bulk product. Transparent, conductive films of carbon nanotubes are being considered to replace indium tin oxide (ITO). Carbon nanotube films are mechanically more robust than ITO films, making them ideal for high reliability touch screens and flexible displays. Printable water-based inks of carbon nanotube films are desired to replace ITO. Nanotube films show promise for use in displays for computers, cell phones, ATMs….etc. Nanotubes have been used to improve ultracapacitors. The activated charcoal used in conventional ultracapacitors has many small hollow spaces with a distribution of sizes, which create together a large surface to store electric charges. However as charge is quantized into elementary charges, i.e. electrons, and each of these needs a minimum space, a large fraction of the electrode surface is not available for storage because the hollow spaces are too small. With electrodes made of nanotubes, the spaces are planned to be tailored to size, with only a few being too large or too small and consequently the capacity to be increased. A solar cell developed uses a carbon nanotube complex, made of carbon nanotubes combined with tiny carbon buckyballs (also called Fullerenes) to form snake-like structures. Buckyballs trap electrons, but they can't make electrons flow. When sunlight excites the polymers, the buckyballs grab the electrons. Nanotubes, behaving like copper wires, will then be able to make the electrons or current flow. NANOPARTICLES: Nanoparticles can be considered a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. A bulk material generally has constant physical properties throughout regardless of its size, but at the nanoscale this is often not the case. Size-dependent properties are observed such as quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in some metal particles and superparamagnetism in magnetic materials. Properties of materials change as their size is reduced to nanoscale and as the percentage of atoms at the surface becomes significant. For bulk materials larger than a micrometer the percentage of atoms at the surface is very small compared to the total number of atoms in the material. The different and outstanding properties of nanoparticles are partly due to the aspects of the surface of the material dominating the properties in lieu of the bulk properties. For example, the bending of bulk copper occurs with movement of copper atoms/clusters at about the 50 nm scale. Copper nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm are considered super hard materials that do not exhibit the same malleability and ductility as bulk copper. The change in properties is not always desirable. Ferroelectric materials smaller than 10 nm can switch their magnetization direction using room temperature thermal energy, making them useless for memory storage. Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible because the interaction of the particle surface with the solvent is strong enough to overcome differences in density, which for larger particles usually results in a material either sinking or floating in a liquid. Nanoparticles have unexpected visible properties because they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. For example gold nanoparticles appear deep red to black in solution. The large surface area to volume ratio reduces the melting temperatures of nanoparticles. The very high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles is a driving force for diffusion. Sintering can take place at lower temperatures, in less time than for larger particles. This should not affect the density of the final product, however flow difficulties and the tendency of nanoparticles to agglomerate can cause issues. The presence of Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles impart a self-cleaning effect, and the size being nanorange, the particles can't be seen. Zinc Oxide nanoparticles have UV blocking properties and are added to sunscreen lotions. Clay nanoparticles or carbon black when incorporated into polymer matrices increase reinforcement, offering us stronger plastics, with higher glass transition temperatures. These nanoparticles are hard, and impart their properties to the polymer. Nanoparticles attached to textile fibers can create smart and functional clothing. NANOPHASE CERAMICS: Using nanoscale particles in the production of ceramic materials we can have simultaneous and major increase in both strength and ductility. Nanophase ceramics are also utilized for catalysis because of their high surface-to-area ratios. Nanophase ceramic particles such as SiC are also used as reinforcement in metals such as aluminum matrix. If you can think of an application for nanomanufacturing useful for your business, let us know and receive our input. We can design, prototype, manufacture, test and deliver these to you. We put great value in intellectual property protection and can make special arrangements for you to ensure your designs and products are not copied. Our nanotechnology designers and nanomanufacturing engineers are some of the best in the World and they are the same people who developed some of the World's most advanced and smallest devices. Click on blue colored text below to download product catalogs and brochures: - Private Label Nano Surface Protection Car Care Products We can label these products with your name and logo if you wish - Private Label Nano Surface Industrial Products We can label these products with your name and logo if you wish - Private Label Nano Surface Protection Marine Products We can label these products with your name and logo if you wish - Private Label Nano Surface Protection Products We can label these products with your name and logo if you wish КЛИКНЕТЕ Услуга за пронаоѓање на производи-локатор ПРЕТХОДНА СТРАНИЦА

Coating Thickness Gauge - Surface Roughness Tester - Nondestructive Testing - SADT - Mitech - AGS-TECH Inc. - NM - USA Инструменти за тестирање на површинска облога Among our test instruments for coating and surface evaluation are COATING THICKNESS METERS, SURFACE ROUGHNESS TESTERS, GLOSS METERS, COLOR READERS, COLOR DIFFERENCE METER, METALLURGICAL MICROSCOPES, INVERTED METALLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE. Our main focus is on NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS. We carry high quality brands such as ELCOMETER, SADT-SINOAGE and MITECH. A large percentage of all surfaces around us are coated. Coatings serve many purposes including good appearance, protection and giving products certain desired functionality such as water repelling, enhanced friction, wear and abrasion resistance….etc. Therefore it is of vital importance to be capable to measure, test and evaluate the properties and quality of coatings and surfaces of products. Coatings can be broadly categorized into two main groups if thicknesses are taken into consideration: THICK FILM and THIN FILM COATINGS. Please click on highlighted text below to download respective catalogs. You can procure brand new, or refurbished and used surface coating test instruments from us. Simply indicate the brand name, model number and we will provide you the most competitive quote. AMETEK-LLOYD Instruments Materials Testing (does include also Peeling, Adhesion Test Instruments...etc.) ELCOMETER Inspection Equipment (many coating inspection instruments available) HAIDA Color Assessment Cabinet MI TECH Coating Thickness Gauge Model MCT200 catalog. SADT-SINOAGE Brand Metrology and Test Equipment catalog download. In this catalog you will find some of these instruments for the evaluation of surfaces and coatings. Some of the instruments and techniques used for such purposes are: COATING THICKNESS METER : Different types of coatings require different types of coating testers. A basic understanding of the various techniques is thus essential for the user to choose the right equipment. In the Magnetic Induction Method of coating thickness measurement we measure nonmagnetic coatings over ferrous substrates and magnetic coatings over nonmagnetic substrates. The probe is positioned on the sample and the linear distance between the probe tip that contacts the surface and the base substrate is measured. Inside the measurement probe is a coil that generates a changing magnetic field. When the probe is placed on the sample, the magnetic flux density of this field is altered by the thickness of a magnetic coating or the presence of a magnetic substrate. The change in magnetic inductance is measured by a secondary coil on the probe. The output of the secondary coil is transferred to a microprocessor, where it’s shown as a coating thickness measurement on the digital display. This quick test is suitable for liquid or powder coatings, platings such as chrome, zinc, cadmium or phosphate over steel or iron substrates. Coatings such as paint or powder thicker than 0.1 mm are suitable for this method. The magnetic induction method is not well suited for nickel over steel coatings because of nickel’s partial magnetic property. Phase-sensitive Eddy current method is more suitable for these coatings. Another type of coating where the magnetic induction method is prone to failure is zinc galvanized steel. The probe will read a thickness equal to the total thickness. Newer model instruments are capable of self-calibration by detecting the substrate material through the coating. This is of course very helpful when a bare substrate is not available or when the substrate material is unknown. Cheaper equipment versions require however calibration of the instrument on a bare and uncoated substrate. The Eddy Current Method of coating thickness measurement measures nonconductive coatings on nonferrous conductive substrates, nonferrous conductive coatings on nonconductive substrates and some nonferrous metal coatings on nonferrous metals. It is similar to the magnetic inductive method previously mentioned containing a coil and similar probes. The coil in the Eddy current method has the dual function of excitation and measurement. This probe coil is driven by a high-frequency oscillator to generate an alternating high-frequency field. When placed near a metallic conductor, eddy currents are generated in the conductor. Impedance change takes place in the probe coil. The distance between the probe coil and the conductive substrate material determines the amount of impedance change, which can be measured, correlated to a coating thickness and displayed in the form of a digital reading. Applications include liquid or powder coating on aluminum and nonmagnetic stainless steel, and anodize over aluminum. This method’s reliability depends on the part’s geometry and the coating’s thickness. The substrate needs to be known prior to taking readings. Eddy current probes shouldn’t be used for measuring nonmagnetic coatings over magnetic substrates such as steel and nickel over aluminum substrates. If users must measure coatings over magnetic or nonferrous conductive substrates they will be best served with a dual magnetic induction/Eddy current gage that automatically recognizes the substrate. A third method, called the Coulometric method of coating thickness measurement, is a destructive testing method that has many important functions. Measuring the duplex nickel coatings in the automotive industry is one of it major applications. In the coulometric method, the weight of an area of known size on a metallic coating is determined through localized anodic stripping of the coating. The mass-per-unit area of the coating thickness is then calculated. This measurement on the coating is made using an electrolysis cell, which is filled with an electrolyte specifically selected to strip the particular coating. A constant current runs through the test cell, and since the coating material serves as the anode, it gets deplated. The current density and the surface area are constant, and thus the coating thickness is proportional to the time it takes to strip and take off the coating. This method is very useful for measuring electrically conductive coatings on a conductive substrate. The Coulometric method can also be used for determining the coating thickness of multiple layers on a sample. For example, the thickness of nickel and copper can be measured on a part with a top coating of nickel and an intermediate copper coating on a steel substrate. Another example of a multilayer coating is chrome over nickel over copper on top of a plastic substrate. Coulometric test method is popular in electroplating plants with a small number of random samples. Yet a fourth method is the Beta Backscatter Method for measuring coating thicknesses. A beta-emitting isotope irradiates a test sample with beta particles. A beam of beta particles is directed through an aperture onto the coated component, and a proportion of these particles are backscattered as expected from the coating through the aperture to penetrate the thin window of a Geiger Muller tube. The gas in the Geiger Muller tube ionizes, causing a momentary discharge across the tube electrodes. The discharge which is in the form of a pulse is counted and translated to a coating thickness. Materials with high atomic numbers backscatter the beta particles more. For a sample with copper as a substrate and a gold coating of 40 microns thick, the beta particles are scattered by both the substrate and the coating material. If the gold coating thickness increases, the backscatter rate also increases. The change in the rate of particles scattered is therefore a measure of the coating thickness. Applications that are suitable for the beta backscatter method are those where the atomic number of the coating and substrate differ by 20 percent. These include gold, silver or tin on electronic components, coatings on machine tools, decorative platings on plumbing fixtures, vapor-deposited coatings on electronic components, ceramics and glass, organic coatings such as oil or lubricant over metals. The beta backscatter method is useful for thicker coatings and for substrate & coating combinations where magnetic induction or Eddy current methods won’t work. Changes in alloys affect the beta backscatter method, and different isotopes and multiple calibrations might be required to compensate. An example would be tin/lead over copper, or tin over phosphorous/bronze well known in printed circuit boards and contact pins, and in these cases the changes in alloys would be better measured with the more expensive X-ray fluorescence method. The X-ray fluorescence method for measuring coating thickness is a noncontact method that allows the measurement of very thin multilayer alloy coatings on small and complex parts. Parts are exposed to X-radiation. A collimator focuses the X-rays onto an exactly defined area of the test specimen. This X-radiation causes characteristic X-ray emission (i.e., fluorescence) from both the coating and the substrate materials of the test specimen. This characteristic X-ray emission is detected with an energy dispersive detector. Using the appropriate electronics, it’s possible to register only the X-ray emission from the coating material or substrate. It’s also possible to selectively detect a specific coating when intermediate layers are present. This technique is widely used on printed circuit boards, jewelry and optical components. The X-ray fluorescence is not suitable for organic coatings. The measured coating’s thickness should not exceed 0.5-0.8 mils. However, unlike the beta backscatter method, X-ray fluorescence can measure coatings with similar atomic numbers (for example nickel over copper). As previously mentioned, different alloys affect an instrument’s calibration. Analyzing base material and coating’s thickness are critical for ensuring precision readings. Todays systems and software programs reduce the need for multiple calibrations without sacrificing quality. Finally it is worth mentioning that there are gages that can operate in several of the above mentioned modes. Some have detachable probes for flexibility in use. Many of these modern instruments do offer statistical analysis capabilities for process control and minimal calibration requirements even if used on differently shaped surfaces or different materials. SURFACE ROUGHNESS TESTERS : Surface roughness is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is considered rough; if they are small, the surface is considered smooth. Commercially available instruments called SURFACE PROFILOMETERS are used to measure and record surface roughness. One of the commonly used instruments features a diamond stylus traveling along a straight line over the surface. The recording instruments are able to compensate for any surface waviness and indicate only roughness. Surface roughness can be observed through a.) Interferometry and b.) Optical microscopy, scanning-electron microscopy, laser or atomic-force microscopy (AFM). Microscopy techniques are especially useful for imaging very smooth surfaces for which features cannot be captured by less sensitive instruments. Stereoscopic photographs are useful for 3D views of surfaces and can be used to measure surface roughness. 3D surface measurements can be performed by three methods. Light from an optical-interference microscope shines against a reflective surface and records the interference fringes resulting from the incident and reflected waves. Laser profilometers are used to measure surfaces through either interferometric techniques or by moving an objective lens to maintain a constant focal length over a surface. The motion of the lens is then a measure of the surface. Lastly, the third method, namely the atomic-force microscope, is used for measuring extremely smooth surfaces on the atomic scale. In other words with this equipment even atoms on the surface can be distinguished. This sophisticated and relatively expensive equipment scans areas of less than 100 micron square on specimen surfaces. GLOSS METERS, COLOR READERS, COLOR DIFFERENCE METER : A GLOSSMETERmeasures the specular reflection gloss of a surface. A measure of gloss is obtained by projecting a light beam with fixed intensity and angle onto a surface and measuring the reflected amount at an equal but opposite angle. Glossmeters are used on a variety of materials such as paint, ceramics, paper, metal and plastic product surfaces. Measuring gloss can serve companies in assuring quality of their products. Good manufacturing practices require consistency in processes and this includes consistent surface finish and appearance. Gloss measurements are carried out at a number of different geometries. This depends on the surface material. For example metals have high levels of reflection and therefore the angular dependence is less as compared to non-metals such as coatings and plastics where angular dependence is higher due to diffuse scattering and absorption. Illumination source and observation reception angles configuration allows measurement over a small range of the overall reflection angle. The measurement results of a glossmeter are related to the amount of reflected light from a black glass standard with a defined refractive index. The ratio of the reflected light to the incident light for the test specimen, compared to the ratio for the gloss standard, is recorded as gloss units (GU). Measurement angle refers to the angle between the incident and reflected light. Three measurement angles (20°, 60°, and 85°) are used for the majority of industrial coatings. The angle is selected based on the anticipated gloss range and the following actions are taken depending on the measurement: Gloss Range..........60° Value.......Action High Gloss............>70 GU..........If measurement exceeds 70 GU, change test setup to 20° to optimize measurement accuracy. Medium Gloss........10 - 70 GU Low Gloss.............<10 GU..........If measurement is less than 10 GU, change test setup to 85° to optimize measurement accuracy. Three types of instruments are available commercially: 60° single angle instruments, a double-angle type that combines 20° and 60° and a triple-angle type that combines 20°, 60° and 85°. Two additional angles are used for other materials, the angle of 45° is specified for the measurement of ceramics, films, textiles and anodized aluminum, while the measurement angle 75° is specified for paper and printed materials. A COLOR READER or also referred to as COLORIMETER is a device that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution. Colorimeters are most commonly used to determine the concentration of a known solute in a given solution by the application of the Beer-Lambert law, which states that the concentration of a solute is proportional to the absorbance. Our portable color readers can also be used on plastic, painting, platings, textiles, printing, dye making, food such as butter, french fries, coffee, baked products and tomatoes….etc. They can be used by amateurs who don’t have professional knowledge on colors. Since there are many types of color readers, the applications are endless. In quality control they are used mainly to insure samples fall within color tolerances set by the user. To give you an example, there are handheld tomato colorimeters which use an USDA approved index to measure and grade the color of processed tomato products. Yet another example are handheld coffee colorimeters specifically designed to measure the color of whole green beans, roasted beans, and roasted coffee using industry standard measurements. Our COLOR DIFFERENCE METERS display directly color difference by E*ab, L*a*b, CIE_L*a*b, CIE_L*c*h. Standard deviation is within E*ab0.2 They work on any color and testing takes only seconds of time. METALLURGICAL MICROSCOPES and INVERTED METALLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE : Metallurgical microscope is usually an optical microscope, but differs from others in the method of the specimen illumination. Metals are opaque substances and therefore they must be illuminated by frontal lighting. Therefore the source of light is located within the microscope tube. Installed in the tube is a plain glass reflector. Typical magnifications of metallurgical microscopes are in the x50 – x1000 range. Bright field illumination is used for producing images with bright background and dark non-flat structure features such as pores, edges and etched grain boundaries. Dark field illumination is used for producing images with dark background and bright non-flat structure features such as pores, edges, and etched grain boundaries. Polarized light is used for viewing metals with non-cubic crystalline structure such as magnesium, alpha-titanium and zinc, responding to cross-polarized light. Polarized light is produced by a polarizer which is located before the illuminator and analyzer and placed before the eyepiece. A Nomarsky prism is used for differential interference contrast system which makes it possible to observe features not visible in bright field. INVERTED METALLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPES have their light source and condenser on the top, above the stage pointing down, while the objectives and turret are below the stage pointing up. Inverted microscopes are useful for observing features at the bottom of a large container under more natural conditions than on a glass slide, as is the case with a conventional microscope. Inverted microscopes are used in metallurgical applications where polished samples can be placed on top of the stage and viewed from underneath using reflecting objectives and also in micromanipulation applications where space above the specimen is required for manipulator mechanisms and the microtools they hold. Here is a brief summary of some of our test instruments for the evaluation of surfaces and coatings. You can download details of these from the product catalog links provided above. Surface Roughness Tester SADT RoughScan : This is a portable, battery-powered instrument for checking surface roughness with the measured values displayed on a digital readout. The instrument is easy to use and can be used in the lab, manufacturing environments, in shops, and wherever surface roughness testing is required. SADT GT SERIES Gloss Meters : GT series gloss meters are designed and manufactured according to international standards ISO2813, ASTMD523 and DIN67530. The technical parameters conform to JJG696-2002. The GT45 gloss meter is especially designed for measuring plastic films and ceramics, small areas and curved surfaces. SADT GMS/GM60 SERIES Gloss Meters : These glossmeters are designed and manufactured according to international standards ISO2813, ISO7668, ASTM D523, ASTM D2457. The technical parameters also conform to JJG696-2002. Our GM Series gloss meters are well suited to measure painting, coating, plastic, ceramics, leather products, paper, printed materials, floor coverings…etc. It has an appealing and user friendly design, three - angle gloss data is displayed simultaneously, large memory for measurement data, latest bluetooth function and removable memory card to transmit data conveniently, special gloss software to analyze data output, low battery and memory-full indicator. Through Internal bluetooth module and USB interface, GM gloss meters can transfer data to PC or exported to printer via printing interface. Using optional SD cards memory can be extended as much as needed. Precise Color Reader SADT SC 80 : This color reader is mostly used on plastics, paintings,, platings, textiles & costumes, printed products and in the dye manufacturing industries. It is capable to perform color analysis. The 2.4” color screen and portable design offers comfortable use. Three kinds of light sources for user selection, SCI and SCE mode switch and metamerism analysis satisfy your test needs under different work conditions. Tolerance setting, auto -judge color difference values and color deviation functions make you determine the color easily even if you don’t have any professional knowledge on colors. Using professional color analysis software users can perform the color data analysis and observe color differences on the output diagrams. Optional mini printer enables users to print out the color data on site. Portable Color Difference Meter SADT SC 20 : This portable color difference meter is widely used in quality control of plastic and printing products. It is used to capture color efficiently and accurately. Easy to operate, displays color difference by E*ab, L*a*b, CIE_L*a*b, CIE_L*c*h., standard deviation within E*ab0.2, it can be connected to computer through the USB expansion interface for inspection by software. Metallurgical Microscope SADT SM500 : It is a self-contained portable metallurgical microscope ideally suited for metallographic evaluation of metals in laboratory or in situ. Portable design and unique magnetic stand, the SM500 can be attached directly against the surface of ferrous metals at any angle, flatness, curvature and surface complexity for non-destructive examination. The SADT SM500 can also be used with digital camera or CCD image processing system to download metallurgical images to PC for data transfer, analysis, storage and printout. It is basically a portable metallurgical laboratory, with on-site sample preparation, microscope, camera and no need for AC power supply in the field. Natural colors without the need for changing light by dimming the LED lighting provides the best image observed at any time. This instrument has optional accessories including additional stand for small samples, digital camera adapter with eyepiece, CCD with interface, eyepiece 5x/10x/15x/16x, objective 4x/5x/20x/25x/40x/100x, mini grinder, electrolytic polisher, a set of wheel heads, polishing cloth wheel, replica film, filter (green, blue, yellow), bulb. Portable Metallurgraphic Microscope SADT Model SM-3 : This instrument offers a special magnetic base, fixing the unit firmly on the work pieces, it is suitable for large-scale roll test and direct observation, no cutting and sampling needed, LED lighting, uniform color temperature, no heating, forward / backward and left / right moving mechanism, convenient for adjustment of the inspection point, adapter for connecting digital cameras and observing the recordings directly on PC. Optional accessories are similar to the SADT SM500 model. For details, please download product catalog from the link above. Metallurgical Microscope SADT Model XJP-6A : This metalloscope can be easily used in factories, schools, scientific research institutions for identifying and analyzing the microstructure of all kinds of metals and alloys. It is the ideal tool for testing metal materials, verifying the quality of castings and analyzing metallographic structure of the metalized materials. Inverted Metallographic Microscope SADT Model SM400 : The design makes possible inspecting grains of metallurgical samples. Easy installation at the production line and easy to carry. The SM400 is suitable for colleges and factories. An adapter for attaching digital camera to the trinocular tube is also available. This mode needs MI of the metallographic image printing with fixed sizes. We have a selection of CCD adapters for computer print-out with standard magnification and over 60% observation view. Inverted Metallographic Microscope SADT Model SD300M : Infinite focusing optics provides high resolution images. Long distance viewing objective, 20 mm wide field of view, three -plate mechanical stage accepting almost any sample size, heavy loads and allowing nondestructive microscope examination of large components. The three-plate structure provides the microscope stability and durability. The optics provides high NA and long viewing distance, delivering bright, high-resolution images. The new optical coating of SD300M is dust and damp proof. For details and other similar equipment, please visit our equipment website: http://www.sourceindustrialsupply.com КЛИКНЕТЕ Услуга за пронаоѓање на производи-локатор ПРЕТХОДНА СТРАНИЦА

Micromanufacturing - Surface & Bulk Micromachining - Microscale Manufacturing - MEMS - Accelerometers - AGS-TECH Inc. Микропроизводство / Микропроизводство / Микромашина / MEMS MICROMANUFACTURING, MICROSCALE MANUFACTURING, MICROFABRICATION or MICROMACHINING refers to our processes suitable for making tiny devices and products in the micron or microns of dimensions. Sometimes the overall dimensions of a micromanufactured product may be larger, but we still use this term to refer to the principles and processes that are involved. We use the micromanufacturing approach to make the following types of devices: Microelectronic Devices: Typical examples are semiconductor chips that function based on electrical & electronic principles. Micromechanical Devices: These are products that are purely mechanical in nature such as very small gears and hinges. Microelectromechanical Devices: We use micromanufacturing techniques to combine mechanical, electrical and electronic elements at very small length scales. Most of our sensors are in this category. Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS): These microelectromechanical devices also incorporate an integrated electrical system in one product. Our popular commercial products in this category are MEMS accelerometers, air-bag sensors and digital micromirror devices. Depending on the product to be fabricated, we deploy one of the following major micromanufacturing methods: BULK MICROMACHINING: This is a relatively older method which uses orientation-dependent etches on single-crystal silicon. The bulk micromachining approach is based on etching down into a surface, and stopping on certain crystal faces, doped regions, and etchable films to form the required structure. Typical products we are capable of micromanufacturing using bulk micromachining technique are: - Tiny cantilevers - V-groves in silicon for alignment and fixation of optical fibers. SURFACE MICROMACHINING: Unfortunately bulk micromachining is restricted to single-crystal materials, since polycrystalline materials will not machine at different rates in different directions using wet etchants. Therefore surface micromachining stands out as an alternative to bulk micromachining. A spacer or sacrificial layer such as phosphosilicate glass is deposited using CVD process onto a silicon substrate. Generally speaking, structural thin film layers of polysilicon, metal, metal alloys, dielectrics are deposited onto the spacer layer. Using dry etching techniques, the structural thin film layers are patterned and wet etching is used to remove the sacrificial layer, thereby resulting in free-standing structures such as cantilevers. Also possible is using combinations of bulk and surface micromachining techniques for turning some designs into products. Typical products suitable for micromanufacturing using a combination of the above two techniques: - Submilimetric size microlamps (in the order of 0.1 mm size) - Pressure sensors - Micropumps - Micromotors - Actuators - Micro-fluid-flow devices Sometimes, in order to obtain high vertical structures, micromanufacturing is performed on large flat structures horizontally and then the structures are rotated or folded into an upright position using techniques such as centrifuging or microassembly with probes. Yet very tall structures can be obtained in single crystal silicon using silicon fusion bonding and deep reactive ion etching. Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) micromanufacturing process is carried out on two separate wafers, then aligned and fusion bonded to produce very tall structures that would otherwise be impossible. LIGA MICROMANUFACTURING PROCESSES: The LIGA process combines X-ray lithography, electrodeposition, molding and generally involves the following steps: 1. A few hundreds of microns thick polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) resist layer is deposited onto the primary substrate. 2. The PMMA is developed using collimated X-rays. 3. Metal is electrodeposited onto the primary substrate. 4. PMMA is stripped and a freestanding metal structure remains. 5. We use the remaining metal structure as a mould and perform injection molding of plastics. If you analyze the basic five steps above, using the LIGA micromanufacturing / micromachining techniques we can obtain: - Freestanding metal structures - Injection molded plastic structures - Using injection molded structure as a blank we can investment cast metal parts or slip-cast ceramic parts. The LIGA micromanufacturing / micromachining processes are time consuming and expensive. However LIGA micromachining produces these submicron precision molds which can be used to replicate the desired structures with distinct advantages. LIGA micromanufacturing can be used for example to fabricate very strong miniature magnets from rare-earth powders. The rare-earth powders are mixed with an epoxy binder and pressed to the PMMA mold, cured under high pressure, magnetized under strong magnetic fields and finally the PMMA is dissolved leaving behind the tiny strong rare-earth magnets which are one of the wonders of micromanufacturing / micromachining. We are also capable to develop multilevel MEMS micromanufacturing / micromachining techniques through wafer-scale diffusion bonding. Basically we can have overhanging geometries within MEMS devices, using a batch diffusion bonding and release procedure. For example we prepare two PMMA patterned and electroformed layers with the PMMA subsequently released. Next, the wafers are aligned face to face with guide pins and press fit together in a hot press. The sacrificial layer on one of the substrates is etched away which results in one of the layers bonded to the other. Other non-LIGA based micromanufacturing techniques are also available to us for the fabrication of various complex multilayer structures. SOLID FREEFORM MICROFABRICATION PROCESSES: Additive micromanufacturing is used for rapid prototyping. Complex 3D structures can be obtained by this micromachining method and no material removal takes place. Microstereolithography process uses liquid thermosetting polymers, photoinitiator and a highly focused laser source to a diameter as small as 1 micron and layer thicknesses of about 10 microns. This micromanufacturing technique is however limited to production of nonconducting polymer structures. Another micromanufacturing method, namely “instant masking” or also known as “electrochemical fabrication” or EFAB involves the production of an elastomeric mask using photolithography. The mask is then pressed against the substrate in an electrodeposition bath so that the elastomer conforms to substrate and excludes plating solution in contact areas. Areas that are not masked are electrodeposited as the mirror image of the mask. Using a sacrificial filler, complex 3D shapes are microfabricated. This “instant masking” micromanufacturing / micromachining method makes it also possible to produce overhangs, arches…etc. КЛИКНЕТЕ Услуга за пронаоѓање на производи-локатор ПРЕТХОДНА СТРАНИЦА